Question

“In the ancient India, the Kingship was not only with Kshatriyas but also with Non-Kshatriyas.” Explain the statement with examples.

Hint:

Remember that while the Varna system played an important role, it was often not rigidly followed in practice. Also, note the complexities and exceptions in the system.

Answer 1

Kshatriya Rulers: Shastras and Kshatriyas: According to ancient shastras, the position of king was usually reserved for the Kshatriya varna. Examples: Numerous rulers from the major dynasties such as Mahapadmananda, Ajatshatru, etc. 
Brahmanical View of Kshatriyas: According to Brahmanical texts, the kings ought to have been Kshatriyas, which indicates the importance of the varna system. 
Kshatriya Rulers: Major dynasties like the Pandavas, Kauravas, Pratiharas, Guptas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas all claimed to be from the Kshatriya Varna. 
Following the Shastras: They also followed texts such as Manusmriti and Dharmashastras. These were important legal and social texts of the time. 
Non-Kshatriya Rulers: Different Origins: Many important ruling lineages had different origins that were probably non-kshatriya. 
Mauryas' Social Background: The social background of the Mauryas has been debated, but in many Brahmanical texts, they are described as having low origins. 
Shungas and Kanvas: The Shungas and Kanvas, who were the immediate successors to the Mauryas were Brahmins, and hence were non-kshatriya rulers. 
Shakas: The Shakas came from central Asia, and were regarded as mlechhas (foreigners), and were hence, not considered kshatriyas. 
Satavahana Ruler: The Satavahana rulers often claimed to be Brahmins, which is different from the Kshatriya varna. 
Difficulties of Varna System: To fit the rulers in a framework of a caste system was often difficult, because there were many rulers of different backgrounds. 
Power and Resources: Those rulers who could muster power, resources and support could become king, irrespective of their varna. This indicates that the varna system was not rigid. 
Other Relevant Point: Any other relevant point from the chapter.