Question

Identify the element for which \( +1 \) oxidation state is more stable than \( +3 \) oxidation state.

• A. Ga
• B. Sn
• C. Tl
• D. Ge

Hint:

The inert pair effect stabilizes lower oxidation states in heavier group 13 and 14 elements.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

To identify the element for which the \( +1 \) oxidation state is more stable than the \( +3 \) oxidation state, we need to consider the inert pair effect. The inert pair effect is observed in heavier elements of groups 13, 14, and 15, where the \( ns^2 \) electrons (where \( n \) is the principal quantum number) are less likely to participate in bonding, making the \( +1 \) oxidation state more stable than the \( +3 \) oxidation state. Analysis of the Elements:
1. Ga (Gallium, Group 13):
- Gallium typically exhibits the \( +3 \) oxidation state, and the \( +1 \) oxidation state is less common and less stable.
2. Sn (Tin, Group 14):
- Tin can exhibit both \( +2 \) and \( +4 \) oxidation states. The \( +2 \) oxidation state becomes more stable for heavier elements due to the inert pair effect, but \( +1 \) is not a common oxidation state for tin.
3. Tl (Thallium, Group 13):
- Thallium is a heavy element in Group 13, and it exhibits the inert pair effect. The \( +1 \) oxidation state is more stable than the \( +3 \) oxidation state for thallium. 4. Ge (Germanium, Group 14):
- Germanium typically exhibits the \( +4 \) oxidation state, and the \( +2 \) oxidation state is less common. The \( +1 \) oxidation state is not stable for germanium. Conclusion:
The element for which the \( +1 \) oxidation state is more stable than the \( +3 \) oxidation state is Thallium (Tl). The correct option is: \[ \boxed{\text{(3) Tl}} \]