Explain by giving the example of chlorobenzene that chlorine is ortho- and para-directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Explain by giving the example of chlorobenzene that chlorine is ortho- and para-directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Electrophilic Substitution in Chlorobenzene:
Chlorine has a \(-I\) effect (electron-withdrawing) and a \(+M\) effect (electron-donating via resonance), making the ortho and para positions more reactive.
Step 2: Example - Nitration of Chlorobenzene: \[ C_6H_5Cl + HNO_3 \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} o-C_6H_4ClNO_2 + p-C_6H_4ClNO_2 \]
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