Nelson Mandela's understanding of freedom underwent significant changes throughout his life, influenced by his experiences, personal growth, and the evolving political landscape in South Africa. Here's a brief overview of how his understanding evolved:
1. Early Years and Activism: In his youth, Mandela was deeply committed to the struggle against apartheid and viewed freedom primarily as the liberation of black South Africans from the oppressive apartheid regime. He believed in the importance of political freedom and equality for all.
2. Prison Years: Mandela's 27 years in prison were transformative. During this time, he reflected deeply on the nature of freedom, justice, and reconciliation. He came to see freedom not only as the absence of physical confinement but also as a state of mind and spirit. He also began to emphasize the importance of forgiveness and reconciliation in the quest for freedom.
3. Negotiations and Presidency: Upon his release from prison and during his presidency, Mandela's understanding of freedom expanded to include the need for reconciliation between South Africa's racial groups. He believed that true freedom required not only political liberation but also the building of a society based on equality, justice, and respect for all its citizens.
4. Later Years and Legacy: In his later years, Mandela continued to advocate for freedom, justice, and human rights, both in South Africa and around the world. His understanding of freedom had matured into a broader vision that encompassed not just political liberation but also social, economic, and cultural freedom.
Overall, Mandela's understanding of freedom evolved from a focus on political liberation to a more holistic view that included reconciliation, forgiveness, and the building of a just and inclusive society. His life and legacy continue to inspire people around the world in their own struggles for freedom and equality.
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Loans from Co-operatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the co-operative societies. Members of a co-operative pool their resources for co-operation in certain areas. There are several types of co-operatives possible such as farmers co-operatives, weavers co-operatives, industrial workers co-operatives etc. Krishak Co-operative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the co-operative has obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place. Krishak Co-operative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural equipment, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for variety of other expenses.
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The Need for Political Parties
As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy. As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. They needed some ways, to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfil these needs that every representative government has. We can say that parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.
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The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930
“We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We also believe that if any government deprives people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian
people of their freedom but based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.”