Statement I is correct because aniline does react with concentrated sulfuric acid and, upon heating, forms p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid, which gives a blood red color in Tassaigne’s test.
Statement II is also correct as in Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, aniline forms a salt with the \(\text{AlCl}_3\) catalyst. This interaction results in a positive charge on nitrogen, causing it to act as a deactivating group, making further substitution reactions difficult on the benzene ring.
Thus, both statements are true.
Amines have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, due to which they behave as Lewis bases. Greater the value of \( K_b \) or smaller the value of \( pK_b \), stronger is the base. Amines are more basic than alcohols, ethers, esters, etc. The basic character of aliphatic amines should increase with the increase of alkyl substitution. However, it does not occur in a regular manner, as a secondary aliphatic amine is unexpectedly more basic than a tertiary amine in aqueous solutions. Aromatic amines are weaker bases than ammonia and aliphatic amines. Electron-releasing groups such as \( -CH_3 \), \( -NH_2 \), etc., increase the basicity, while electron-withdrawing substituents such as \( -NO_2 \), \( -CN \), halogens, etc., decrease the basicity of amines. The effect of these substituents is more pronounced at the para-position than at the meta-position.
(a) Arrange the following in increasing order of their basic character. Give reason:
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