For a constant flying height above the ground (H), the average scale (S) of a vertical aerial photograph is primarily determined by the focal length (f) of the camera lens. The relationship is given by the formula:
$$S = \frac{f}{H}$$
Thus, the average scale is directly proportional to the focal length of the camera. The size and shape of objects in the area, as well as the size of the photograph itself, do not directly determine the average scale for a constant flying height.