Step 1: Essentials of a valid custom (domestic law context).
Common essentials:
1. Antiquity (long usage)
2. Continuous and uniform practice
3. Certainty
4. Reasonableness
5. Conformity with statute law (not necessarily international law)
Step 2: Why others are wrong.
(b) “Certainty and inconsistency” is wrong — must be certain and consistent, not inconsistent.
(c) Conformity with international law is not a general requirement for domestic custom validity.
(d) Wrong because (b) and (c) are not correct requisites.
\[
\boxed{(a)}
\]