Question

Explain the major events and movements that defined India’s political condition between 1939 and 1942.

Hint:

The period between 1939 and 1942 was a turning point in India’s independence struggle, with major movements like Quit India and the rejection of the Cripps Mission leading to intensified demands for full independence.

Answer 1

The period between 1939 and 1942 was a significant phase in India’s struggle for independence, marked by crucial events and movements that shaped the political landscape of the country. These years saw the intensification of the Indian freedom struggle, the effects of World War II, and the rise of mass mobilization. Below are the major events and movements that defined India's political condition during this period:
1. The Outbreak of World War II and India's Response (1939):
In 1939, when World War II broke out, the British government in India declared war on behalf of India without consulting Indian leaders. This move angered Indian political parties, especially the Congress, which demanded a declaration of independence in exchange for support in the war effort. The British response was dismissive, leading to political unrest. 
2. The Quit India Movement (1942):
The Quit India Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942, was one of the most significant movements in India’s struggle for independence. Gandhi called for an immediate end to British rule in India, with the slogan "Do or Die." The movement was marked by mass protests, strikes, and civil disobedience. The British government responded with repression, arresting major leaders, including Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel. Despite the arrests, the movement continued, with widespread participation from the masses. 
3. The Cripps Mission (1942):
In 1942, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a proposal to gain Indian support for the war effort. The proposal promised self-government after the war but failed to meet Indian aspirations for full independence. The Cripps Mission was rejected by Indian leaders because it did not offer full independence or a clear path to self-rule. This further fueled dissatisfaction with British rule. 
4. The Demand for 'Complete Independence':
By 1942, the Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, shifted its demand from dominion status to complete independence. The failure of the Cripps Mission and the British refusal to consult Indian leaders on critical matters led to a more radicalized demand for independence. This marked a significant shift in the Indian freedom struggle, with an emphasis on complete political freedom. 
5. The Role of Subhas Chandra Bose:
During this period, Subhas Chandra Bose played a crucial role in galvanizing support for Indian independence through his efforts to seek external support. Bose’s association with the Axis powers, including Germany and Japan, led to the formation of the Indian National Army (INA). Although his methods were controversial, Bose’s actions were significant in energizing the freedom movement and challenging British authority. 
6. Widespread Civil Disobedience and Repression:
The period saw large-scale civil disobedience campaigns across the country. People were involved in protests, strikes, and boycotts of British goods. The British response was harsh, involving the arrest of thousands of people, including top leaders. The repression, however, did not quell the movement and only strengthened the resolve of the Indian people for independence. 
7. The Impact of the Second World War on India:
The Second World War had a significant impact on India. The war caused economic hardships, with rising prices and shortages. The British also imposed heavy taxes to fund the war effort, which led to widespread dissatisfaction. Additionally, the war led to the mobilization of soldiers from India, further deepening the resentment against British colonialism. 
Conclusion:
The years between 1939 and 1942 were marked by significant political upheaval and the intensification of the struggle for independence. The Quit India Movement of 1942, the rejection of the Cripps Proposal, and the rising demand for complete independence from British rule were crucial in shaping India’s path toward freedom. These events set the stage for the eventual independence of India in 1947.