Question

Explain the major events and movements that defined India’s political condition between 1919 and 1922.

Hint:

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922) marked a turning point in the Indian struggle for independence, uniting people across regions and communities in the fight against British colonial rule.

Answer 1

The period between 1919 and 1922 was crucial in shaping India’s political landscape, with key events and movements that pushed the country toward independence.
1. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
One of the most defining events was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919, where British troops, under General Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of unarmed civilians in Amritsar. The massacre killed hundreds and shocked the Indian public, leading to widespread outrage and a shift towards mass protests against British rule.
2. The Rowlatt Act (1919):
The British government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919, allowing the arrest and detention of Indians without trial. This act further intensified resentment and led to widespread protests, especially in Punjab, contributing to the radicalization of the Indian nationalist movement.
3. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922):
Led by Mahatma Gandhi, the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1920 in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlatt Act. Gandhi called for Indians to boycott British goods, schools, and courts, while promoting self-reliance through the spinning of khadi (handwoven cloth). The movement gained widespread support, but it was halted in 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, where a mob killed 22 policemen. Gandhi called off the movement to prevent further violence.
4. Khilafat Movement (1919–1924):
The Khilafat Movement, led by the Ali brothers, was initiated in 1919 to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. Gandhi extended his support to this movement, linking it with the Non-Cooperation Movement to build a broader national movement. The cooperation between Hindu and Muslim leaders during this period marked a significant moment in India’s struggle for independence
. 5. The Simon Commission (1927):
Though occurring slightly after 1922, the Simon Commission was a direct consequence of the political environment between 1919 and 1922. The lack of Indian representation on the commission led to widespread protests and the demand for self-rule, setting the stage for further nationalist movements
. Conclusion:
Between 1919 and 1922, India witnessed key events like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Rowlatt Act, the Non-Cooperation Movement, and the Khilafat Movement, which significantly contributed to the political awakening and the strengthening of the Indian independence movement.