Question

Explain the concept of ‘human development’. Examine four approaches to human development.

Hint:

When examining human development, consider the impact of policies that improve people’s access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, while ensuring sustainability for future generations.

Answer 1

Human development refers to the process of improving the well-being of individuals by enhancing their quality of life. It focuses on expanding people’s capabilities and opportunities rather than just focusing on economic growth. Human development includes improving health, education, and living standards, ensuring that people are able to lead fulfilling lives. The concept emphasizes both the economic and non-economic aspects of human welfare. Some approaches to human development include:
The Capability Approach: This approach, proposed by Amartya Sen, focuses on the freedom to achieve well-being. It emphasizes expanding people's capabilities to lead lives they value, such as the ability to access education, healthcare, and participate in social, political, and economic activities.
Human Capital Approach: This approach views human beings as assets in the development process. It emphasizes investment in education, health, and skills development to improve individuals' productivity and contribute to economic development.
Basic Needs Approach: This approach emphasizes the fulfillment of basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and sanitation. It aims to reduce poverty by ensuring that everyone has access to the essential services required to live a dignified life.
Sustainable Human Development: This approach integrates human development with environmental sustainability. It stresses the need for development strategies that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It focuses on balancing economic, social, and environmental goals. These approaches offer a holistic view of human development, highlighting the multidimensional nature of well-being and the importance of enabling individuals to reach their full potential.