Question

Explain the characteristics of the Caste System.

Hint:

Think of caste as a “closed” system (by birth, rigid rules) and class as an “open” system (based on achievement).

Answer 1

Step 1: Define caste system.
The caste system is one of the oldest forms of social stratification in India. It is a closed system in which an individual’s status is determined by birth, and mobility between castes is extremely limited. It has been historically linked to Hindu religious texts such as the Manusmriti and the Varna system.

Step 2: Major characteristics of caste system.
\begin{enumerate} \item Hierarchy: Castes are arranged in a hierarchical order, where some are considered “higher” (e.g., Brahmins as priests and scholars), while others are considered “lower” (e.g., Dalits, who traditionally performed menial work). This hierarchy is based on notions of purity and pollution. \item Endogamy: Each caste group strictly practices endogamy, meaning that marriage takes place only within the same caste. Inter-caste marriages were traditionally discouraged or even forbidden. \item Hereditary occupation: Occupations are passed down from generation to generation. For example, Brahmins traditionally performed priestly duties, Kshatriyas were warriors, Vaishyas were traders, and Shudras were laborers. \item Social restrictions: Rules existed about dining, food sharing, and physical contact between castes. Higher castes often avoided physical or ritual contact with lower castes due to the idea of pollution. \item Lack of mobility: Unlike class systems where people can move up or down based on achievement, caste positions are fixed by birth. A person cannot change caste even through education or wealth. \item Religious sanction: The caste system has been justified and preserved through religious and cultural traditions, making it rigid and difficult to challenge. \item Segmental division: Each caste forms a closed group with its own customs, rituals, and governance (such as caste panchayats). \end{enumerate}

Step 3: Conclusion.
The caste system is thus marked by rigidity, inequality, and strict rules. Although social reforms and constitutional provisions (e.g., abolition of untouchability, reservation policies) have weakened caste boundaries in modern India, caste still influences politics, marriage, and social life. Final Answer (Option 1): \[ \boxed{\text{Caste System = hierarchy, endogamy, heredity, restrictions, and religious sanction}} \]