Each question has a set of four sequentially ordered statements. Each statement can be classified as one of the following: • Facts (F): Deal with pieces of information that one has heard, seen, or read, and which are open to discovery or verification. The answer option indicates such a statement with an ‘F’. • Inferences (I): Conclusions drawn about the unknown, on the basis of the known. The answer option indicates such a statement with an ‘I’. • Judgements (J): Opinions that imply approval or disapproval of persons, objects, situations, and occurrences in the past, present, or future. The answer option indicates such a statement with a ‘J’. Select the answer option that best describes the set of four statements.
Question: 1
1. According to all statistical indications, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has managed to keep pace with its ambitious goals.
2. The Mid-day Meal Scheme has been a significant incentive for the poor to send their little ones to school, thus establishing the vital link between healthy bodies and healthy minds.
3. Only about 13 million children in the age group of 6 to 14 years are out of school.
4. The goal of universalisation of elementary education has to be a pre-requisite for the evolution and development of our country.
Show Hint
Facts are directly verifiable, inferences are logical conclusions drawn from facts, and judgements are value-based opinions.
- Statement 1 — Inference (I): Based on statistical indications, so it’s a derived conclusion.
- Statement 2 — Inference (I): Concludes that the mid-day meal leads to better attendance and health.
- Statement 3 — Fact (F): A verifiable number regarding out-of-school children.
- Statement 4 — Judgement (J): Opinion about the necessity of universal education for development.
Hence, the sequence is IIFJ.
\[
\boxed{\text{Option (1) IIFJ}}
\]
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Question: 2
1. We should not be hopelessly addicted to an erroneous belief that corruption in India is caused by the crookedness of Indians.
2. The truth is that we have more red tape — we take eighty-nine days to start a small business, Australians take two.
3. Red tape leads to corruption and distorts a people's character.
4. Every red tape procedure is a point of contact with an official, and such contacts have the potential to become opportunities for money to change hands.
Show Hint
Look for measurable data to identify facts, cause-effect reasoning for inferences, and opinions for judgements.
- Statement 1 — Judgement (J): Opinion rejecting a belief.
- Statement 2 — Fact (F): A measurable, verifiable statistic.
- Statement 3 — Inference (I): Concludes impact of red tape on corruption.
- Statement 4 — Fact (F): Observable detail about official contact points.
Hence, the sequence is JFIF.
\[
\boxed{\text{Option (1) JFIF}}
\]
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Question: 3
1. So much of our day-to-day focus seems to be on getting things done, trudging our way through the tasks of living — it can feel like a treadmill that gets you nowhere; where is the childlike joy?
2. We are not doing the things that make us happy; that which brings us joy; the things that we cannot wait to do because we enjoy them so much.
3. This is the stuff that joyful living is made of — identifying your calling and committing yourself wholeheartedly to it.
4. When this happens, each moment becomes a celebration of you; there is a rush of energy that comes with feeling completely immersed in doing what you love most.
Show Hint
If a statement expresses values, preferences, or advice without being a verifiable fact or derived conclusion, it is a judgement.
All four statements are Judgements (J) as they express personal approval or disapproval, values, and recommendations for joyful living rather than verifiable facts or logical conclusions from data.
Hence, the sequence is JJJJ.
\[
\boxed{\text{Option (4) JJJJ}}
\]
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Question: 4
1. Inequitable distribution of all kinds of resources is certainly one of the strongest and most sinister sources of conflict.
2. Even without war, we know that conflicts continue to trouble us — they only change in character.
3. Extensive disarmament is the only insurance for our future; imagine the amount of resources that can be released and redeployed.
4. The economies of the industrialized western world derive 20% of their income from the sale of all kinds of arms.
Show Hint
When identifying statement types, note that prescriptive or evaluative claims are judgements, measurable data are facts, and logical conclusions from known facts are inferences.
- Statement 1 — Inference (I): Drawn from general understanding, not direct data.
- Statement 2 — Judgement (J): Opinion about the nature of conflicts.
- Statement 3 — Judgement (J): Prescriptive opinion about disarmament.
- Statement 4 — Fact (F): Verifiable economic statistic.
Thus, the correct sequence is IJJF.
\[
\boxed{\text{Option (3) IJJF}}
\]
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Question: 5
1. Given the poor quality of service in the public sector, the HIV/AIDS affected should be switching to private initiatives that supply anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) at a low cost.
2. The government has been supplying free drugs since 2004, and 35,000 have benefited up to now — though the size of the affected population is 150 times this number.
3. The recent initiatives of networks and companies like AIDSCare Network, Emcure, Reliance-Cipla-Cil, would lead to availability of much-needed drugs to a larger number of affected people.
4. But how ironic it is that we should face a perennial shortage of drugs when India is one of the world’s largest suppliers of generic drugs to the developing world.
Show Hint
An ironic remark, recommendation, or value judgment always counts as a judgement, not as a fact or inference.
- Statement 1 — Judgement (J): Opinion recommending a switch to private initiatives.
- Statement 2 — Fact (F): Verifiable data about free drug supply and affected numbers.
- Statement 3 — Inference (I): Logical prediction about effects of recent initiatives.
- Statement 4 — Judgement (J): Value-based observation on the irony of the situation.
Thus, the sequence is JFIJ.
\[
\boxed{\text{Option (1) JFIJ}}
\]
