Waveguide Modes:
Waveguides support TE (Transverse Electric) and TM (Transverse Magnetic) modes.
The dominant mode is the one with the lowest cutoff frequency. TE10 is dominant because:
It has the lowest cutoff frequency in rectangular waveguides.
Electric field is transverse to direction of propagation (no E-field in direction of propagation).
Easy to excite and analyze.