Question

Distinguish between (Any Three):
(1) Birth rate and death rate.
(2) Push and Pull factors of migration.
(3) Waterway transport and Airway transport.
(4) Physical Geography and Human Geography.
(5) Plantation agriculture and Extensive commercial agriculture.

Hint:

Distinguishing geographical concepts requires understanding their definitions, scale, and impacts on human or natural systems.

Answer 1

(1) Birth rate vs. Death rate:

Feature	Birth Rate	Death Rate
Definition	Number of live births per 1,000 people per year	Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
Impact	Increases population	Decreases population
Factors	Fertility, healthcare, culture	Disease, age structure, healthcare
Example	High in developing nations (e.g., 20/1,000)	High in war-torn areas (e.g., 15/1,000)

(2) Push vs. Pull factors of migration:

Feature	Push Factors	Pull Factors
Definition	Conditions driving people away from a place	Conditions attracting people to a place
Examples	Poverty, conflict, natural disasters	Jobs, education, safety
Nature	Negative, force out-migration	Positive, encourage in-migration
Example	Drought in rural areas	Urban job opportunities in cities

(3) Waterway transport vs. Airway transport:

Feature	Waterway Transport	Airway Transport
Mode	Ships via rivers, canals, oceans	Airplanes via air routes
Speed	Slow (days to weeks)	Fast (hours)
Cost	Low cost for bulk goods	High cost, suitable for high-value goods
Example	Cargo ships for oil	Passenger jets for travel

(4) Physical Geography vs. Human Geography:

Feature	Physical Geography	Human Geography
Focus	Natural features (landforms, climate)	Human activities (population, culture)
Examples	Mountains, rivers, weather patterns	Urbanization, migration, agriculture
Study	Earth’s physical processes	Human-environment interactions
Example	Himalayan topography	Mumbai’s urban growth

(5) Plantation agriculture vs. Extensive commercial agriculture:

Feature	Plantation Agriculture	Extensive Commercial Agriculture
Scale	Large, specialized, monoculture	Large, less intensive, widespread
Crops	Tea, coffee, rubber	Wheat, corn, barley
Labor	High, often hired labor	Low, mechanized
Example	Tea estates in Assam	Wheat farms in USA’s Great Plains