Comprehension

Contemporary internet shopping conjures a perfect storm of choice anxiety. Research has
consistently held that people who are presented with a few options make better, easier decisions than those presented with many. . . . Helping consumers figure out what to buy amid an endless sea of choice online has become a cottage industry unto itself. Many brands and retailers now wield marketing buzzwords such as curation, differentiation, and discovery as they attempt to sell an assortment of stuff targeted to their ideal customer. Companies find such shoppers through the data gold mine of digital advertising, which can catalog people by gender, income level, personal interests, and more. Since Americans have lost the ability to sort through the sheer volume of the consumer choices available to them, a ghost now has to be inthe retail machine, whether it’s an algorithm, an influencer, or some snazzy ad tech to help a product follow you around the internet. Indeed, choice fatigue is one reason so many people gravitate toward lifestyle influencers on Instagram—the relentlessly chic young moms and perpetually vacationing 20-somethings—who present an aspirational worldview, and then
recommend the products and services that help achieve it. . . .
For a relatively new class of consumer-products start-ups, there’s another method entirely.
Instead of making sense of a sea of existing stuff, these companies claim to disrupt stuff as
Americans know it. Casper (mattresses), Glossier (makeup), Away (suitcases), and many others have sprouted up to offer consumers freedom from choice: The companies have a few
aesthetically pleasing and supposedly highly functional options, usually at mid-range prices.
They’re selling nice things, but maybe more importantly, they’re selling a confidence in those
things, and an ability to opt out of the stuff rat race. . . .
One-thousand-dollar mattresses and $300 suitcases might solve choice anxiety for a certain tier of consumer, but the companies that sell them, along with those that attempt to massage the larger stuff economy into something navigable, are still just working within a consumer market that’s broken in systemic ways. The presence of so much stuff in America might be more valuable if it were more evenly distributed, but stuff’s creators tend to focus their energy on those who already have plenty. As options have expanded for people with disposable income, the opportunity to buy even basic things such as fresh food or quality diapers has contracted for much of America’s lower classes.
For start-ups that promise accessible simplicity, their very structure still might eventually push
them toward overwhelming variety. Most of these companies are based on hundreds of
millions of dollars of venture capital, the investors of which tend to expect a steep growth rate
that can’t be achieved by selling one great mattress or one great sneaker. Casper has expanded into bedroom furniture and bed linens. Glossier, after years of marketing itself as no-makeup makeup that requires little skill to apply, recently launched a full line of glittering color cosmetics. There may be no way to opt out of stuff by buying into the right thing.

Question: 1

Which of the following hypothetical statements would add the least depth to the author’s prediction of the fate of start-ups offering few product options?

Updated On: Aug 20, 2024
  • With Casper and Glossier venturing into new product ranges, their regular customers start losing trust in the companies and their products.
  • Start-ups with few product options are no exception to the American consumer market that is deeply divided along class lines.
  • An exponential surge in their sales enables start-ups to meet their desired profit goals without expanding their product catalogue.
  • With the motive of promoting certain rival companies, the government decides to double the tax-rates for these start-ups.
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

Based on your analysis, let's break down the options:
- Option 1 adds depth to the prediction that start-ups, under the pressure of revenue, will likely expand their product offerings. Since this aligns with the author's prediction, Option 1 is unlikely to weaken the argument.
- Option 2 suggests that start-ups are not exempt from the general trend and may face challenges or need to change. While this doesn't directly contradict the author's prediction, it introduces an element of skepticism about the success of start-ups, which may slightly weaken the argument.
- Option 3, as you mentioned, brings out a point that contradicts the idea that start-ups will necessarily offer more product varieties. This option introduces a counterpoint to the author's prediction, making it a potential weakening factor.
- Option 4 predicts the failure of start-ups, supporting the author's argument about their fate. This aligns with the author's viewpoint and, therefore, does not weaken the argument.
Considering your analysis, Option 3 appears to be the choice that introduces a point contradictory to the author's prediction, potentially weakening the argument.

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Question: 2

Which one of the following best sums up the overall purpose of the examples of Casper and Glossier in the passage?

Updated On: Aug 20, 2024
  • They are facilitating a uniform distribution of commodities in the market.
  • They might transform into what they were exceptions to.
  • They are exceptions to a dominant trend in consumer markets.
  • They are increasing the purchasing power of poor Americans.
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Correctly identifying the answer involves synthesizing information from various parts of the paragraphs. The provided excerpts highlight the evolution of certain companies:
- "Casper (mattresses), Glossier (makeup), Away (suitcases), and many others have sprouted up to offer consumers freedom from choice."
- "For start-ups that promise accessible simplicity, their very structure still might eventually push them toward overwhelming variety."
- "Casper has expanded into bedroom furniture and bed linens. Glossier, after years of marketing itself as no-makeup makeup that requires little skill to apply, recently launched a full line of glittering color cosmetics."
Considering these statements collectively, both companies, Casper and Glossier, began by offering simplicity and limited choices but eventually expanded their product lines to include a more extensive and varied range. Thus, Option 2 accurately captures this evolution, making it the correct choice.

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Question: 3

A new food brand plans to launch a series of products in the American market. Which of the following product plans is most likely to be supported by the author of the passage?

Updated On: Aug 20, 2024
  • A range of 25 products priced between $10 and $25.
  • A range of 10 products priced between $5 and $10
  • A range of 10 products priced between $10 and $25.
  • A range of 25 products priced between $5 and $10.
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

The author expresses a favorable stance toward two main points: limiting the range of choices and endorsing mid-range pricing.
Evaluating the options, both Option 2 and Option 3 advocate for reduced variety, but only Option 2 aligns with the additional criterion of mid-range pricing. The passage supports this combination, as indicated by the statement,
"The companies have a few aesthetically pleasing and supposedly highly functional options, usually at mid-range prices." Therefore, Option 2 is the accurate choice as it concurs with the author's preferences for limited variety and mid-range pricing.

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Question: 4

All of the following, IF TRUE, would weaken the author’s claims EXCEPT:

Updated On: Aug 20, 2024
  • product options increased market competition, bringing down the prices of commodities, which, in turn, increased purchasing power of the poor.
  • the annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options were higher than that of companies which curated their products for target consumers.
  • the empowerment felt by purchasers in buying a commodity were directly proportional to the number of options they could choose from.
  • the annual sale of companies that hired lifestyle influencers on Instagram for marketing their products were 40% less than those that did not.
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

In analyzing the options, it's clear that the author supports the idea of offering limited choices to customers for a positive outcome. Let's go through the options based on your explanation:
- Option 2 supports the author's stance, suggesting that offering fewer products can lead to positive results. Therefore, it does not weaken the argument; instead, it aligns with the author's perspective.
- Option 4 weakens the argument by indicating that the Instagram strategy, which involves presenting more choices, has failed and resulted in a decrease in sales. This counters the author's view, making it an option that weakens the argument.
- Option 1 and Option 3 both speak in favor of providing greater product options to customers. Since the author supports limited choices, these options would weaken the argument by going against the author's viewpoint.
Therefore, based on your explanation, Option 2 is the correct choice as it supports the author's perspective on offering limited choices.

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Question: 5

Based on the passage, all of the following can be inferred about consumer behavior EXCEPT that:

Updated On: Aug 20, 2024
  • too many options have made it difficult for consumers to trust products.
  • consumers tend to prefer products by start-ups over those by established companies.
  • having too many product options can be overwhelming for consumers.
  • consumers are susceptible to marketing images that they see on social media.
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Inference questions indeed require drawing conclusions from the information provided. In this case, the passage emphasizes that companies like Casper, Glossier, and Away offer consumers a limited range of aesthetically pleasing and functional options at mid-range prices, promoting a sense of confidence and the ability to opt out of overwhelming choices.
Analyzing the options:
- Options 1 and 3 can be inferred from the passage as the information supports the idea that customers prefer fewer choices and that this builds trust and confidence.
- Option 2, however, is the correct answer because there is no explicit evidence in the passage to support the notion that customers are susceptible or influenced by marketing images on social media, specifically Instagram. This idea goes beyond the information provided in the passage.
Therefore, Option 2 is the accurate choice for an inference question, as it cannot be directly inferred from the given passage.

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