Question

Benign intracranial hypertension: 
Pathophysiology. 
 

Hint:

In BIH, look for a history of obesity, female gender, and recent use of medications like oral contraceptives as risk factors. These can guide diagnosis and treatment planning.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding Benign Intracranial Hypertension (BIH).
Benign Intracranial Hypertension (also known as pseudotumor cerebri) is a condition characterized by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) without an identifiable cause, such as a tumor or hydrocephalus. The pathophysiology is not completely understood but is believed to involve several factors.

Step 2: Pathophysiological Mechanisms.
1. Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production: In some cases, an increase in the production of CSF or a decrease in its absorption can lead to an elevated ICP.
2. Venous outflow obstruction: Obstruction of venous drainage, particularly in the cerebral veins, can lead to increased ICP.
3. Obesity and hormonal factors: Obesity, especially in young women, can increase the risk of BIH. Hormonal factors, such as the use of oral contraceptives, are also implicated in the pathophysiology of BIH.
4. Dysregulation of intracranial pressure autoregulation: In BIH, the mechanisms that normally control and balance ICP are disturbed, leading to sustained elevation of pressure.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The pathophysiology of benign intracranial hypertension involves increased CSF production or impaired absorption, venous obstruction, and potentially dysregulated pressure autoregulation.