(a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its shape.
(b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of contact force.
(c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a muscular force.
(d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to gravity and that due to friction of air.