List of top Agricultural Process Engineering Questions

In an inoculated pack study, 0.5 kg peas per can are thermally processed at 121 °C. One group of cans contains Clostridium spp. spores with an initial spore level of \( 5 \times 10^{10} \) per can. Another group of cans contains Bacillus spp. spores. It is desired to have spoilage probability of 5 in 100 cans after thermal processing. The decimal reduction time of Clostridium spp. and Bacillus spp. at 121 °C are 2.5 minutes and 6.0 minutes, respectively. If all the cans receive the same lethality, the initial number of spores of Bacillus spp. per g of peas is __________ (Answer in integer)
The assumption(s) which is/are not correct for deriving the Plank’s equation for estimation of food freezing time:
Three straight metal wires, AC, BC, and CD, having the same length, diameter, and thermal conductivity, are connected as shown in the figure. Heat flows from points ‘A’ and ‘B’ to point ‘C’ and from point ‘C’ to point ‘D’. Temperatures at points A, B, and D are 100 °C, 100 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. Assuming steady-state condition and no heat loss from the wires, the temperature at point ‘C’ is _________°C. (Answer in integer)
The quantity of water needed to increase the moisture content of 50 kg paddy grains from 13% (dry basis) to 35% (dry basis) in the hydrothermal treatment process is _________ kg. (Rounded off to 2 decimal places)
In general, result(s) of blanching fresh fruits and vegetables is/are:
In rice milling, the rubber roll sheller is used for:
Milk enters at 25°C through the inner pipe of a concentric double pipe heat exchanger. Hot water enters at 82.5°C and flows countercurrently (flow rate = 1.2 kg/s) through the annular region. The diameter of the inner pipe, length of the pipe, and average overall heat transfer coefficient are 60 mm, 6 m, and 2100 W.m\(^{-2}\).K\(^{-1}\), respectively. The average values of specific heat capacity of water and milk are 4.18 kJ.kg\(^{-1}\).K\(^{-1}\) and 3.95 kJ.kg\(^{-1}\).K\(^{-1}\), respectively. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is 0.572 and the NTU is 1.01. Assuming the steady-state condition and considering \( \pi \) as 3.14, the temperature of hot water at the exit of the pipe is _________ °C. (Rounded off to 1 decimal place)