Question

Write the meaning of aggression.

Hint:

A precise definition of aggression must include the element of {intent to harm}. Also, remember to differentiate between {hostile aggression} (harm is the goal) and {instrumental aggression} (harm is a means to a goal).

Answer 1

In psychology, aggression refers to any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. This definition has several key components:

It is a behavior, not an emotion: While aggression is often accompanied by anger, the emotion itself is not the behavior. Aggression is the action taken.
It is intentional: Accidental harm is not considered aggression. The perpetrator must intend to cause harm.
The victim wishes to avoid the harm: The definition excludes acts like sadomasochistic encounters where the recipient may desire the stimulation.
Psychologists also distinguish between two main types of aggression:

Hostile (or Impulsive) Aggression: This type of aggression is driven by anger and the primary goal is to inflict harm on the victim. It is often impulsive and emotional.
Instrumental Aggression: In this case, the aggression is a means to achieve some other goal, not just to cause pain. The harm is instrumental in achieving the objective. For example, a robber who harms a victim to steal their money is engaging in instrumental aggression.