Question

Write short notes on any two of the following:
(a) Fission
(b) Regeneration
(c) Budding

Hint:

Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce rapidly and efficiently without the need for a mate, as seen in processes like fission, regeneration, and budding.

Answer 1

(a) Fission:
Fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two or more separate organisms. It is commonly observed in unicellular organisms such as bacteria and protozoa. The process involves the division of the nucleus and cytoplasm into equal parts, resulting in two or more offspring. There are two types of fission: 1. Binary Fission: A type of fission in which the parent cell divides into two equal parts, producing two genetically identical offspring. Example: Bacteria. 2. Multiple Fission: In this process, the organism divides into many parts simultaneously. Example: Amoeba under adverse conditions.
(b) Regeneration:
Regeneration is the process by which certain organisms can regrow lost or damaged body parts. It is a form of asexual reproduction in some species, although it primarily serves for repair. Organisms capable of regeneration can regrow limbs, tails, or even internal organs. Examples of animals that can regenerate body parts include planarians, starfish, and axolotls. In some cases, the process involves the growth of new cells at the site of injury, which later develop into new tissues or organs.
(c) Budding:
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as a growth or outgrowth (bud) from the parent organism. The bud may eventually detach from the parent, or it may remain attached, forming colonies. This method is commonly seen in organisms like yeast, hydra, and sponges. In hydra, for example, a small bud forms at the side of the parent, eventually breaking free and growing into a new individual.
Conclusion:
1. Fission involves the division of a single organism into two or more parts. 2. Regeneration refers to the ability to regrow lost body parts. 3. Budding is the formation of a new organism from a bud on the parent organism.