Question

Write short note: (Any Four)
(a) Harvesting and yield of Lucerne 
(b) Rayungan method of sugarcane planting 
(c) Curing in Ginger 
(d) Pune method of Jowar Cultivation 
(e) Farm Records (Only Names) 
(f) Pod Borer of Gram

Hint:

Implementing scientific methods such as advanced harvesting techniques, efficient pest control, and maintaining proper farm records can significantly boost productivity and ensure sustainable farming. Proper curing methods enhance crop storage and improve marketability.

Answer 1

(a) Harvesting and Yield of Lucerne:
Lucerne, a perennial forage crop, is harvested at the 10 percent flowering stage for optimal yield and nutritional value. 
The first cut is typically made 60-70 days after sowing, followed by subsequent cuts every 25-30 days.
- Average yield: 80-100 tons of green fodder per hectare annually.
- The harvested crop is shade-dried to preserve its nutritional content before storage or feeding to livestock.
(b) Rayungan Method of Sugarcane Planting:
Practiced primarily in Maharashtra, this method involves planting whole sugarcane stalks horizontally in deep furrows or trenches, as opposed to using setts.
- The soil is lightly covered, and irrigation is provided to support germination.
- This method promotes a stronger root system, better moisture retention, and increased productivity.
- It is particularly beneficial in water-scarce areas.
(c) Curing of Ginger: 
Curing is the process of reducing excess moisture from freshly harvested ginger rhizomes, enhancing their storage life and quality.
- Curing process steps: 
- Thoroughly wash and clean the rhizomes.
- Shade-dry them for 2-3 days to remove moisture.
- Treat them with lime water or Bordeaux mixture to prevent fungal infections.
- Cured ginger retains a stronger aroma and longer shelf life, making it ideal for export. 
(d) Pune Method of Jowar Cultivation:
This method, specific to Maharashtra, uses paired-row planting for enhanced aeration and better sunlight penetration.
- The crop is planted with rows spaced 30-45 cm apart, with wider gaps between the pairs.
- This method increases yield by optimizing photosynthesis and reducing competition for nutrients.
- It is best suited for rain-fed conditions.
(e) Farm Records (Only Names): 
- Crop Record - Livestock Record - Machinery Record - Financial Record - Weather Record - Input-Output Record 
(f) Pod Borer of Gram:
The pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major pest affecting gram crops.
- It damages pods by feeding on developing seeds, leading to 20-30% yield loss.
- Control measures include: 
- Use of resistant varieties.
- Biological control using it{Trichogramma} parasitoids.
- Application of neem-based pesticides and insecticides like Chlorpyrifos or Spinosad.