Comprehension

While men and women are both considered to be more capable as they get older, only women bear the brunt of being seen as “less warm” as they age, new research has found. This series of studies is reportedly the first to look at both gender and age to determine how perceptions of women and men differ. “It’s just stunning… These stereotypes are so hard-wired and deeply entrenched that they come out even when absolutely identical information is provided about a man and a woman,” Jennifer Chatman, Distinguished Professor of Management at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, said. In an analysis of professors’ evaluations, female professors witnessed a decline as they moved from their 30s to 40s, hitting an all-time low around the age of 47. All this while, the evaluation of male professors remained consistent. Interestingly, after the age of 47, the evaluations for women increased again, becoming equal with those of men around the early 60s. “At that point, there are different stereotypes of women, and they may benefit from being seen as more grandmotherly,” said Laura Kray, faculty director of the Center for Equity, Gender, and Leadership at Berkeley Haas and an author of the study.
Women around the age of mid 30s to late 40s also face what is called “the motherhood penalty,” where assumptions around parenting duties lead people to believe women are less committed to their careers than men. This has several repercussions, most particularly evident in hiring, promotions and wages. Women executives further pointed out that they face “hyper-scrutiny” and “scepticism” which harks back to perceptions of likeability versus agency. Gendered networks in the workplace, with men gaining greater access to senior leaders, become cemented mid-career, pose another difficulty for working women. Negative perceptions of women in middle-age can also be linked to stereotypes around menopause. In 2008, psychologists studied the attitudes of people towards women in different reproductive stages. They found that while the pregnant women or the woman with the baby were thought about in glowing terms, menopausal women were associated with negative emotions, illness and ageing.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “How Stereotypes Affect Middle-Aged Women’s Careers”, by Ananya Singh, The Swaddle]

Question: 1

Which of the following is most likely to be true if the author’s statements about gendered networks in the workplace are true?

Updated On: Jul 18, 2024
  • Mid-career women do not find it as easy to get access to senior leaders, who are usually male, as their male colleagues. They therefore find career progression or new opportunities easier to come by.
  • Mid-career women find it easier to get access to senior leaders, who are usually male, as their male colleagues. They therefore find career progression or new opportunities easier to come by.
  • Mid-career women do not find it as easy to get access to senior leaders, who are usually male, as their male colleagues. They therefore find career progression or new opportunities harder to come by.
  • Mid-career women find it easier to get access to senior leaders, who are usually male, as their male colleagues. They therefore do not find career progression or new opportunities harder to come by.
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

The correct option is (C): Mid-career women do not find it as easy to get access to senior leaders, who are usually male, as their male colleagues. They therefore find career progression or new opportunities harder to come by.
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Question: 2

Which of the following is most likely to be an outcome of what the author describes as the “motherhood penalty”?

Updated On: Jul 18, 2024
  • People are more hesitant to hire men from their mid 30s to their late 40s but may be more willing to hire women of a similar age.
  • People are more hesitant to hire women from their mid 30s to their late 40s but may be more willing to hire men of a similar age.
  • Women from their mid 30s to their late 40s always prioritise parenting responsibilities and so are not really interested in pursuing a career
  • Women who have children are less committed to their careers than men.
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

The correct option is (C): People are more hesitant to hire women from their mid 30s to their late 40s but may be more willing to hire men of a similar age.
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Question: 3

If professors’ evaluations are the most important criteria in awarding promotions, then which of the following would be the most likely outcome, based on the information provided in the passage?

Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
  • Male professors are likely to be promoted at an even rate throughout their career, while women professors would experience a lower likelihood of promotion in the mid-career stage.
  • Since there is a wide disparity between the evaluations that male and female professors receive, the practice of relying upon such evaluations will quickly be abandoned.
  • Male and female professors will receive promotions at a similar rate throughout the course of their career.
  • Women professors are likely to be promoted at an even rate throughout their career, while male professors would experience a lower likelihood of promotion in the mid-career stage.
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

The correct option is (A): Male professors are likely to be promoted at an even rate throughout their career, while women professors would experience a lower likelihood of promotion in the mid-career stage.
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Question: 4

Which of the following is the author most likely to disagree with?

Updated On: Jul 17, 2024
  • Women going through menopause often quit the workforce voluntarily.
  • Women going through menopause are more likely to be perceived negatively at the workplace and to have difficulty achieving professional success.
  • Women going through menopause should be permitted to take a mid-career sabbatical.
  • Women going through menopause are more likely to be perceived positively at the workplace and to achieve professional success.
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The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

The correct option is (D): Women going through menopause are more likely to be perceived positively at the workplace and to achieve professional success.
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Question: 5

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the main argument in the passage?

Updated On: Aug 16, 2024
  • Several independent studies conducted in different countries have shown that women in the workplace are perceived positively and are favourably treated as they age.
  • Several independent studies conducted in different countries have shown that women in the workplace are perceived negatively and are unfairly treated as they age.
  • The studies mentioned in the passage have been discredited after they were published, and no reliance should be placed on them.
  • The studies mentioned in the passage were conducted on very small sample sets and cannot be used to make general statements about the difference in perception between men and women.
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

The correct option is (B): Several independent studies conducted in different countries have shown that women in the workplace are perceived negatively and are unfairly treated as they age.
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Question: 6

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Laura Kray’s arguments?

Updated On: Jul 18, 2024
  • Women professors perceived as being ‘grandmotherly’ are regarded as being likeable and caring.
  • Women professors perceived as being ‘grandmotherly’ are treated better by their colleagues and students.
  • Women professors perceived as being ‘grandmotherly’ are regarded as being slow, inefficient, and outdated in their field.
  • Women professors perceived as being ‘grandmotherly’ are regarded very highly and receive much more respect than younger women professors.
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

The correct option is (C): Women professors perceived as being ‘grandmotherly’ are regarded as being slow, inefficient, and outdated in their field.
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