Question

Which of the following techniques is based upon the principle of Operant Conditioning?

• A. Systematic desensitization
• B. Aversive conditioning
• C. Behaviour Modification
• D. Flooding

Hint:

To distinguish between classical and operant conditioning applications, ask: Is the behavior voluntary or involuntary? Operant conditioning deals with changing {voluntary} behaviors through consequences (reinforcement/punishment), which is the core of behaviour modification. Classical conditioning deals with {involuntary} reflexive responses (like fear or salivation).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify which therapeutic technique is primarily based on the principles of operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement and punishment).
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
(A) Systematic desensitization: This is a behavioral technique based on classical conditioning. It works by pairing relaxation techniques with feared stimuli in a hierarchical manner to extinguish the fear response.
(B) Aversive conditioning: This is also based on classical conditioning. It involves pairing an undesirable behavior (like smoking) with an unpleasant stimulus (like an electric shock or a nausea-inducing drug).
(C) Behaviour Modification: This is a broad term for a set of therapies based on the principles of operant conditioning. It uses reinforcement (positive and negative) and punishment to change behavior. Techniques like token economies, shaping, and contingency management fall under this umbrella.
(D) Flooding: This is an exposure therapy technique based on classical conditioning, specifically the principle of extinction. It involves exposing the individual to the feared stimulus for an extended period until the fear response subsides.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Behaviour Modification is the technique fundamentally rooted in the principles of operant conditioning.