Question

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates reproduction in higher plants from lower plants?

• A. \( \text{Higher plants reproduce only sexually, while lower plants reproduce only asexually.} \)
• B. \( \text{Lower plants reproduce through spores, while higher plants reproduce through seeds.} \)
• C. \( \text{Higher plants reproduce through fragmentation, while lower plants reproduce sexually.} \)
• D. \( \text{There is no difference in the reproduction of higher and lower plants.} \)

Hint:

While lower plants use spores for reproduction in moist environments, higher plants produce seeds through sexual reproduction, allowing them to thrive in diverse terrestrial habitats and endure unfavorable conditions.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Reproduction in plants can be broadly classified based on their evolutionary advancement, with higher plants and lower plants employing distinct methods of reproduction. Step 1: Reproduction in Lower Plants.
Lower plants, which include algae, bryophytes (mosses), and pteridophytes (ferns), primarily reproduce through spores. Spores are: Single-celled reproductive units that can develop into new individuals without the need for fertilization. Produced in large quantities to increase the likelihood of successful dispersal across the environment. Primarily adapted to moist environments, where they can germinate and grow effectively. For example, ferns release spores that can germinate into gametophytes, which will then produce gametes for fertilization. Step 2: Reproduction in Higher Plants.
Higher plants, which include gymnosperms (e.g., pine trees) and angiosperms (flowering plants), reproduce through seeds. Seeds are: Multicellular structures containing a young plant embryo, stored food, and a protective seed coat. Produced following sexual reproduction, where male and female gametes (sperm and egg cells) fuse to form a zygote that eventually develops into a seed. Adapted to survive in various terrestrial environments and are capable of dormancy, allowing them to withstand unfavorable conditions until they can germinate. The production of seeds allows for better survival in diverse environments and enhances the dispersal capabilities of plants. Step 3: Comparing Reproduction Methods.
To compare the methods: Lower plants: They predominantly rely on spores, which are single-celled and used for asexual reproduction. Spores require moist conditions for successful germination. Higher plants: They reproduce through seeds, which are multicellular and produced through sexual reproduction, making them better suited for survival in a wider range of environments. Thus, the correct statement is: \( \mathbf{Lower \, plants \, reproduce \, through \, spores, \, while \, higher \, plants \, reproduce \, through \, seeds.} \) Thus, the correct answer is \( \mathbf{(2)} \).