An isobaric process occurs when the pressure of a system remains constant, even as volume and temperature change. Examples include:
• Heating or cooling of a gas in a piston-cylinder setup.
• Phase changes at constant atmospheric pressure.
Other processes:
• Isothermal: Constant temperature.
• Adiabatic: No heat exchange.
• Isochoric: Constant volume.
Give Reasons:
(I) \( \text{Ce}^{4+} \) in aqueous solution is a good oxidising agent.
(II) The actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction.
(III) \( E^\circ_{\text{M}^{2+}/\text{M}} \) value is more negative than expected, whereas \( E^\circ_{\text{Cu}^{2+}/\text{Cu}} \) is positive.