Question

When distances are small, which of the following error is negligible in surveying?

• A. Error due to defective joint
• B. Atmospheric refraction
• C. Wind vibrations
• D. Earth's curvature

Hint:

In plane surveying (small distances), the Earth is assumed flat and curvature is not considered. This simplifies calculations and introduces minimal error.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Types of errors in surveying.
Surveying errors may be:
Instrumental (e.g., defective instruments),
Natural (e.g., wind, refraction, curvature),
Personal (e.g., observation mistakes).
Step 2: Relevance of each error for short distances.
(1) Joint defects affect measurement accuracy regardless of length.
(2) Refraction causes line-of-sight deviation, relevant even for medium ranges.
(3) Wind vibrations may shake the instrument and impact reading.
(4) Earth's curvature affects large distances, but is negligible for short distances.