Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Two rebels of 1857
Shah Mal
Shah Mal lived in a large village in pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to a clan of Jat cultivators whose kinship ties extended over chaurasee des (eighty-four villages). The lands in the region were irrigated and fertile, with rich dark loam soil. Many of the villagers were prosperous and saw the British land revenue system as oppressive: the revenue demand was high and its collection inflexible. Consequently cultivators were losing land to outsiders, to traders and moneylenders who were coming into the area.
Shah Mal mobilised the headmen and cultivators of chaurasee des, moving at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against the British. As in many other places, the revolt against the British turned into a general rebellion against all signs of oppression and injustice. Cultivators left their fields and plundered the houses of moneylenders and traders. Displaced proprietors took possession of the lands they had lost. Shah MalтАЩs men attacked government buildings, destroyed the bridge over the river, and dug up metalled roads тАУ partly to prevent government forces from coming into the area, and partly because bridges and roads were seen as symbols of British rule. They sent supplies to the sepoys who had mutinied in Delhi and stopped all official communication between British headquarters and Meerut. Locally acknowledged as the Raja, Shah Mal took over the bungalow of an English officer, turned it into a тАЬhall of justiceтАЭ, settling disputes and dispensing judgments. He also set up an amazingly effective network of intelligence. For a period the people of the area felt that firangi raj was over, and their raj had come.
Shah Mal was killed in battle in July 1857.
How did the rebellion led by Shah Mal challenge the authority of the British?
Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Two rebels of 1857
Shah Mal
Shah Mal lived in a large village in pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to a clan of Jat cultivators whose kinship ties extended over chaurasee des (eighty-four villages). The lands in the region were irrigated and fertile, with rich dark loam soil. Many of the villagers were prosperous and saw the British land revenue system as oppressive: the revenue demand was high and its collection inflexible. Consequently cultivators were losing land to outsiders, to traders and moneylenders who were coming into the area.
Shah Mal mobilised the headmen and cultivators of chaurasee des, moving at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against the British. As in many other places, the revolt against the British turned into a general rebellion against all signs of oppression and injustice. Cultivators left their fields and plundered the houses of moneylenders and traders. Displaced proprietors took possession of the lands they had lost. Shah MalтАЩs men attacked government buildings, destroyed the bridge over the river, and dug up metalled roads тАУ partly to prevent government forces from coming into the area, and partly because bridges and roads were seen as symbols of British rule. They sent supplies to the sepoys who had mutinied in Delhi and stopped all official communication between British headquarters and Meerut. Locally acknowledged as the Raja, Shah Mal took over the bungalow of an English officer, turned it into a тАЬhall of justiceтАЭ, settling disputes and dispensing judgments. He also set up an amazingly effective network of intelligence. For a period the people of the area felt that firangi raj was over, and their raj had come.
Shah Mal was killed in battle in July 1857.
How did Shah MalтАЩs leadership contribute to the spread of the rebellion?
рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдкрд░ рдирд┐рдмрдВрдз рд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдП:
(i) рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдХреА рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛
(ii) рджреБрдЦреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рддрд╛
(iii) рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд░реНрдереА рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреБрд╢рд╛рд╕рди
(iv) рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдПрдХрддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЕрдЦрдВрдбрддрд╛
(v) рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрдЯ рдХрд╛ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдиреБрдкрдпреЛрдЧ
рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреА рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдкрд┐рддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдкрддреНрд░ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдПред
рджреНрд╡рдирд┐ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░рдХ рдпрдВрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдмрдВрдз рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ рдЬрд┐рд▓рд╛ рд╕рдЪрд┐рд╡ рдорд╣реЛрджрдп рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд░реНрдердирд╛ рдкрддреНрд░ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдПред
рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдЧрджреНрдпрд╛рдВрд╢ рдХреА рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн-рдкреНрд░рд╕рдВрдЧ рд╕рд╣рд┐рдд рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдЦреНрдпрд╛ рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдП: рдЧрджреНрдпрд╛рдВрд╢: рдкреИрд╕рд╛ рдкрд╛рд╡рд░ рд╣реИред рдкрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рднрд╛рд╡ рдореЗрдВ рдЖрд╕-рдкрд╛рд╕ рд╕рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рддрдХ рдЬрдорд╛ рди рдЬрдорд╛ рд╣реЛ рддреЛ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╡рд╣ рддрд╛рдХрдд рдкрд╛рд╡рд░ рд╣реИ! рдкреИрд╕реЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмреИрдВрдХ-рд╣рд┐рд╕рд╛рдм рд╕реАрдЯ, рдкрд░ рдорд╛рд▓-рдЕрд╕рдмрд╛рдм, рдордХрд╛рди-рдХреЛрдареА рддреЛ рдЕрдирджреЗрдЦреЗ рднреА рджреАрдЦрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдкреИрд╕реЗ рдХреЗ рдЙрд╕ 'рдкреЗрд╕реАрдВрдЧ рдкрд╛рд╡рд░' рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рдкрд╛рд╡рд░ рдХрд╛ рдЦреЗрд▓ рд╣реИред
рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдЧрджреНрдпрд╛рдВрд╢ рдХреА рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн-рдкреНрд░рд╕рдВрдЧ рд╕рд╣рд┐рдд рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдЦреНрдпрд╛ рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдП: рдЧрджреНрдпрд╛рдВрд╢: рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рд╡рд╣ 'рдбрд╛рдВрдЧ' рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗ рд╢реНрдпрд╛рдордирдЧрд░ рд╢реЗрд▓рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдкрд╣рд▓рд╡рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреБрд╕реНрддреА рдФрд░ рдбрд╛рдВрд╡-рдкреЗрдЪ рджреЗрдЦрдХрд░ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЬрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдХреА рдорд╕реНрддреА рдФрд░ рд╣реЛрд▓ рдХреА рд▓рд▓рдХрд╛рд░рддреА рд╣реБрдИ рдЖрд╡рд╛рдЬрд╝ рдиреЗ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдирд╕реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд┐рдЬрд▓реА рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рдХрд░ рджреАред рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рдХреБрдЫ рд╕реЛрдЪреЗ-рд╕рдордЭреЗ рджрдВрдЧрд▓ рдореЗрдВ 'рд╢реЗрд░ рдХреЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ' рдХреЛ рдЪреБрдиреМрддрд┐ рджреЗ рджреАред