For nitration and sulfonation reactions involving aromatic compounds:
- Oleum is used to introduce a sulfonic group.
- Nitration is done using a mixture of concentrated HNO\(_3\) and H\(_2\)SO\(_4\).
- The presence of NaOH is used to deprotonate and form a phenolate ion.
Step 1:
In the first step, oleum (fuming sulfuric acid, containing sulfur trioxide \( \text{SO}_3 \)) is used to react with a benzene ring, which leads to the formation of a sulfonic acid group (\( \text{SO}_3 \)). Thus, compound \( X \) is a benzene sulfonic acid.
Step 2:
Next, \( X \) (the benzene sulfonic acid) is treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which results in the formation of a phenolate ion. The phenolate ion undergoes further reactions with nitric acid (HNO\(_3\)) in the final step.
Step 3:
The last reaction involves nitration, where nitric acid (HNO\(_3\)) introduces a nitro group (NO\(_2\)) onto the benzene ring. The product after nitration will have two nitro groups attached.
Thus, the final product \( Y \) is the compound with two nitro groups on the benzene ring.
