Question

What is co-operative federalism?

Hint:

To explain co-operative federalism simply, use the analogy: instead of a 'layer cake' where powers are strictly separated (dual federalism), it's a 'marble cake' where powers and responsibilities are shared and mixed.

Answer 1

Step 1: Key Concept:
Co-operative federalism is a model of federalism in which the national, state, and local governments work together collaboratively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately or clashing over power. It is also known as 'marble-cake' federalism, where the functions of different levels of government are mixed and intertwined.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The essence of co-operative federalism lies in partnership and mutual cooperation. Its key features are:
1. Partnership, not Rivalry: The central and state governments are viewed as partners in the development process, not as rivals competing for power.
2. Collaboration: They collaborate on policy formulation and implementation in areas of shared responsibility.
3. Vertical and Horizontal Cooperation: It involves both vertical cooperation (between the centre and the states) and horizontal cooperation (among the states themselves).
Mechanisms in India:
In India, several mechanisms promote co-operative federalism, including:
- NITI Aayog: It was created to foster cooperative federalism by involving states in the economic policy-making process.
- Inter-State Councils: Article 263 of the Constitution provides for the establishment of an Inter-State Council to discuss and investigate subjects of common interest.
- Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council: This is a prime example where the centre and states make decisions collectively on a matter of taxation.