Question

What are the risk factors for fetal growth restriction?

Hint:

Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and placental insufficiency are the most common risk factors for fetal growth restriction.

Answer 1

Step 1: Risk Factors for Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR).
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) refers to a condition where a fetus does not achieve its expected growth potential. Various maternal, placental, and fetal factors contribute to FGR. The key risk factors include:
(1) Maternal Factors: - Hypertension (chronic or pregnancy-induce: Poor placental perfusion due to high blood pressure can limit fetal growth.
- Pre-existing Diabetes or Gestational Diabetes: Maternal glucose control affects fetal nutrient supply.
- Obesity: Women with obesity may have metabolic conditions (e.g., insulin resistance) that contribute to FGR.
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Poor maternal nutrition, particularly protein and caloric deficiencies, can lead to restricted fetal growth.
- Smoking and Alcohol Use: Both substances impair placental blood flow and fetal oxygenation, increasing the risk of FGR.
- Advanced Maternal Age: Women aged 35 years or older are at higher risk for FGR.
(2) Placental Factors: - Placental Insufficiency: Conditions such as placenta previa, placental abruption, and small placenta can lead to restricted fetal growth.
- Multiple Gestations: Twins or higher-order multiples are more likely to experience FGR due to competition for nutrients and space.
(3) Fetal Factors: - Infections: Infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, or syphilis can lead to FGR.
- Chromosomal Abnormalities: Conditions such as trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Turner syndrome are associated with growth restriction.
- Fetal Anomalies: Structural abnormalities like heart defects or renal agenesis can impair fetal growth.