What are spores? On which structures are they formed? How do they overcome unfavourable conditions? Name the organism which multiplies with the help of these structures.
Step 1: Understanding spores:
Spores are reproductive cells that are produced by certain organisms, capable of developing into a new individual without the need for fertilization. They are typically unicellular and can survive in harsh or unfavourable conditions due to their resistant nature.
Step 2: Structures where spores are formed:
Spores are formed on specialized structures in different organisms. Some examples include:
1. Sporangia: Spores are produced in sporangia, which are found in ferns, mosses, and fungi.
2. Conidia: In fungi such as molds, spores called conidia are formed on conidiophores.
3. Spores in algae and bryophytes: Some algae and bryophytes also form spores during their reproductive cycles.
Step 3: How spores overcome unfavourable conditions:
Spores have several features that help them survive in unfavourable conditions:
1. Thick walls: Spores have thick, protective cell walls that prevent them from drying out or being damaged by harsh conditions such as heat, cold, or desiccation.
2. Dormancy: Spores can remain dormant for long periods until the conditions become favourable for growth.
Step 4: Organisms that multiply with spores:
Some organisms that reproduce and multiply through spores include:
1. Fungi: Fungi, like mushrooms and molds, reproduce through the release of spores.
2. Ferns: Ferns produce spores in sporangia on the underside of their leaves.
3. Mosses: Mosses also reproduce through spores formed in sporangia.
Step 5: Conclusion:
Spores are reproductive cells formed in structures like sporangia, conidiophores, and other specialized organs. They help organisms survive unfavourable conditions due to their resistant nature, and organisms like fungi, ferns, and mosses reproduce using spores.
