Question

Vocal cord dysfunction.

Hint:

Vocal cord dysfunction is often misdiagnosed as asthma, but it can be differentiated by the lack of airway inflammation and the presence of abnormal vocal cord movement.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding Vocal Cord Dysfunction.
Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), also known as paradoxical vocal cord movement (PVCM), is a condition where the vocal cords do not function properly during breathing. Instead of opening during inhalation, the vocal cords may close, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a sensation of airway obstruction. VCD often mimics asthma but is not related to airway inflammation.

Step 2: Causes of Vocal Cord Dysfunction.
VCD can be triggered by various factors, including:
- Stress and Anxiety: Emotional or psychological stress can lead to the improper closure of the vocal cords.
- Upper respiratory infections: Infections can lead to irritation and dysfunction of the vocal cords.
- Environmental irritants: Exposure to smoke, strong odors, or pollutants can trigger VCD episodes.
- Exercise: Physical exertion, especially during intense exercise, can provoke VCD in some individuals.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid reflux can irritate the vocal cords, contributing to dysfunction.

Step 3: Symptoms and Diagnosis.
Symptoms of VCD include shortness of breath, wheezing, tightness in the throat, and coughing. It is often misdiagnosed as asthma due to similar symptoms. Diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical evaluation, laryngoscopy, and pulmonary function tests.

Step 4: Treatment.
Treatment of VCD focuses on managing triggers and teaching patients breathing techniques to improve vocal cord function. Speech therapy and relaxation techniques are often employed to help patients control their vocal cords during episodes.