Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) is an extended Pidgin/Creole language. Words borrowed from English are modified in various ways. Given the word list below, study the phonological modifications and choose the correct generalisation(s).
Which of the following generalisation(s) is/are correct?
Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) is an extended Pidgin/Creole language. Words borrowed from English are modified in various ways. Given the word list below, study the phonological modifications and choose the correct generalisation(s).
Which of the following generalisation(s) is/are correct?
Show Hint
- Only single onsets permitted.
- Vowel epenthesis to create syllable nuclei.
- Fortition of fricatives to stops.
- Obligatory null codas.
The Correct Option is A, B, C
Solution and Explanation
English consonant clusters such as {st}, {sp}, and {nd} are simplified in Tok Pisin (e.g., {standby} → {sambai}, {spear} → {supia}). This shows that only single consonant onsets are permitted, supporting option (A).
Step 2: Observe vowel epenthesis.
Extra vowels are inserted to break up clusters and ensure every syllable has a nucleus (e.g., {dance} → {danis}, {spear} → {supia}). This clearly demonstrates vowel epenthesis, validating option (B).
Step 3: Analyse consonant strengthening.
Fricatives such as /v/ in {believe} change to stops (/p/) in {bilip}, indicating fortition of fricatives to stops. Hence, option (C) is correct.
Step 4: Eliminate incorrect option.
Tok Pisin allows codas in several forms (e.g., {bilip}, {autsaid}), so codas are not obligatorily null. Therefore, option (D) is incorrect.
Step 5: Conclusion.
The correct generalisations are (A), (B), and (C).
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