Question

Partyland’s political scenario involves frequent reversal of previous ruling party’s laws whenever a new party gains majority. Which model of law would Waldron most likely see this as?

• A. Partyland is not an actual democracy
• B. The situation is an illustration of the neutral model of law
• C. The situation is an illustration of the partisan model of law
• D. Partyland is not an actual republic
• A. The neutral model of law
• B. The partisan model of law
• C. Equally with both, the neutral and partisan model of law
• D. With neither the neutral nor the partisan model of law
• A. The partisan model of law
• B. The neutral model of law
• C. Equally with both the neutral and partisan model of law
• D. With neither the neutral nor the partisan model of law
• A. As it places limits on the amending power of Parliament, it is closer to the partisan rather than the neutral model of law.
• B. As it emerged from a series of judicial decisions rather than legislation, it is a product of partisan rather than neutral law-making.
• C. It does not reflect any of the attributes of either the neutral or partisan model of law.
• D. As it places limits on the amending power of Parliament, it is closer to the neutral rather than the partisan model of law.
• A. Legislators always make laws based on their party’s ideology, rather than any non-partisan interests
• B. Legislators make laws based on non-partisan considerations
• C. Laws are made on the basis of the needs and demands of society from time to time
• D. Law and law-making can be understood using the partisan or the neutral model
• A. Once enacted, legislation is regarded as an act of Parliament as a whole, rather than any political party
• B. Party whips ensure members vote in line with party ideology
• C. Social welfare laws are enacted for the benefit of weaker sections of society
• D. Elections to legislatures are hotly contested
• A. Democracy is desirable, and increased voter turnout proves law-making is non-partisan
• B. Legislators should represent their constituents’ interests and vote only for their party’s promised laws
• C. Child pornography is heinous, and bipartisan political votes for strong punishments show law-making is non-partisan
• D. Judges are not elected and should not have law-making powers through legislation or case law
• A. Calling a legislation an act of Parliament rather than the act of a political party shows that it is the view of society as a whole on some matter, and thus deserving of respect by members of all political parties
• B. Merely calling a legislation an act of Parliament does not take away from the fact that it is partisan, since it was introduced by a political party, and voted for by its members on the party’s directions, in furtherance of the party’s ideological agenda.
• C. Calling a legislation an act of Parliament indicates that politicians have the liberty to vote for or against legislation on the basis of their idea of the rule of law, rather than on the basis of their party’s ideological agenda.
• D. The mere act of calling a legislation an act of Parliament shows that it is the result of the collective effort of legislators from different political parties, and therefore, non-partisan in nature.
• A. The neutral model of law
• B. The partisan model of law
• C. Equally with both, the neutral and the partisan model of law
• D. With neither the neutral nor the partisan model of law
• A. Common law doctrine evolves over time, and in some instances may take much longer to evolve than the passage of a legislation.
• B. Common law doctrine only evolves based on a form of reasoning specific to the law and is not affected by the personal values or ideologies of judges.
• C. The evolution of common law doctrine proceeds in a purely logical manner and is not affected by any partisan values or ideology.
• D. The evolution of common law doctrine is directed by the partisan interests of judges and is not divorced from political values or ideology.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Recall Waldron’s definition of partisan model.
Under the partisan model, legislation reflects the ideology of the party in power, and when the majority changes, laws are often repealed or replaced to match the new party’s ideology. 
Step 2: Apply to facts.
In Partyland, after each election, the ruling party reverses the previous party’s policies and enacts its own — a direct sign of the partisan model. 
Step 3: Eliminate wrong options.
(B) is wrong — the neutral model stresses laws being respected beyond partisan politics, which is not happening here.
(A) and (D) are irrelevant to the question; Partyland can still be democratic/republican despite partisan legislation. \[ \boxed{\text{(C)}} \]

Answer 2

Step 1: Understanding judicial role under models.
Neutral model supports law being respected beyond party lines. Partisan model sees law as expression of ruling party ideology. 
Step 2: Apply to facts.
Here, laws are changed drastically by the ruling party, and judges are required to apply them strictly without discretion — entrenching the party’s ideology in legal application. 
Step 3: Eliminate wrong options.
(A) is wrong — no neutrality here, since the purpose is partisan control.
(C) is wrong — both models are not equally reflected.
(D) is wrong — it matches the partisan model. \[ \boxed{\text{(B)}} \]

Answer 3

Step 1: Understanding refusal in context.
Under the neutral model, laws once enacted should be respected by all levels of government as representing society as a whole. 
Step 2: Apply to facts.
The Worker’s Party refuses to implement the law because it disagrees ideologically — this is partisan behaviour, rejecting a law based on political stance rather than neutral respect for legislation. 
Step 3: Eliminate wrong options.
(B) is wrong — the neutral model demands compliance regardless of party.
(C) is wrong — the action is entirely partisan.
(D) is wrong — it fits the partisan model clearly. \[ \boxed{\text{(A)}} \]

Answer 4

Step 1: Understanding the Basic Structure doctrine.
The doctrine ensures that even the Parliament cannot alter certain fundamental features of the Constitution, thereby protecting non-partisan constitutional values. 
Step 2: Linking to models.
This aligns with the neutral model, which emphasizes law-making for the entire community rather than advancing party ideology. 
Step 3: Elimination.
(A) is incorrect — it is not partisan in nature.
(B) is incorrect — judicial origin does not make it partisan.
(C) is incorrect — it clearly matches neutral model principles. \[ \boxed{\text{(D)}} \]

Answer 5

Step 1: Recalling Waldron’s framework.
The passage outlines two distinct models: partisan and neutral, as lenses to interpret law-making. 
Step 2: Linking to question.
Waldron acknowledges both models and uses them to understand different legislative behaviours. 
Step 3: Eliminating other options.
(A) is too absolute — not “always.”
(B) and (C) do not match his balanced model-based view. \[ \boxed{\text{(D)}} \]

Answer 6

Step 1: Neutral model principle.
Neutral model views laws as acts for the entire society, transcending party politics. 
Step 2: Apply to facts.
Option (A) directly captures this essence — once a law is enacted, it belongs to the whole Parliament, not just the ruling party. 
Step 3: Elimination.
(B) is clearly partisan.
(C) may be bipartisan, but not inherently neutral in Waldron’s sense.
(D) is about elections, not law-making philosophy. \[ \boxed{\text{(A)}} \]

Answer 7

Step 1: Recall neutral model’s focus.
Neutral model applies where there is broad consensus on legislation beyond party ideology. 
Step 2: Apply to facts.
Option (C) describes a law supported across parties due to shared societal values — a clear example of non-partisan law-making. 
Step 3: Elimination.
(A) voter turnout does not necessarily indicate non-partisan law-making.
(B) is partisan.
(D) is about judicial role, not legislative neutrality. \[ \boxed{\text{(C)}} \]

Answer 8

Step 1: Understanding the partisan model.
Partisan model sees legislation as an expression of a party’s ideology and political goals. 
Step 2: Matching to options.
(B) clearly points out that legislation’s partisan nature remains despite the label “act of Parliament,” as it reflects the ruling party’s ideological agenda. Step 3: Elimination.
(A), (C), and (D) all convey neutrality or collective agreement, aligning more with the neutral model. \[ \boxed{\text{(B)}} \]

Answer 9

Step 1: Linking facts to the models.
Allowing legislators to vote freely without party whip enforcement reduces partisan control, enabling decisions based on conscience or societal interest. 
Step 2: Model match.
This reflects the neutral model’s emphasis on transcending party lines for the sake of collective decision-making. 
Step 3: Elimination.
(B) is incorrect — the law reduces, not strengthens, partisanship.
(C) is incorrect — it doesn’t equally reflect both models.
(D) is incorrect — it clearly matches the neutral model. \[ \boxed{\text{(A)}} \]

Answer 10

Step 1: Neutral model’s stance on common law.
Neutral model treats common law as evolving in a non-partisan, logic-based way, free from political bias. 
Step 2: Weakening this view.
If common law is actually driven by judges’ partisan interests, it undermines the neutral model’s claim of political independence. 
Step 3: Elimination.
(A) talks about speed of change — irrelevant to neutrality.
(B) and (C) actually support the neutral model, not weaken it. \[ \boxed{\text{(D)}} \]