Question

The distinctive feature of psychoanalysis is that

Answer 1

To determine the distinctive feature of psychoanalysis, we must examine the passage for key ideas about its uniqueness and practical impact.
In the last paragraph of the passage, the author clearly states:
"Many of these systems arise empirically within a practice, which by trial, seems to give results. This is not the case in psychoanalysis."
Also, it is mentioned: "Here the pertinent psychological principle reads: 'Create a belief in the theory, and the fact will create themselves’."
This implies that psychoanalysis is different from other therapies in that it does not rely on empirical scientific results but rather the therapeutic belief system itself helps in achieving outcomes.
Also, in the earlier part of the passage, psychoanalysis is shown to have helped people, despite criticisms and lack of support from academic psychology. The author notes:
"Most persons in trouble would be grateful for relief without critical examination of the theory behind the practice that helped them."
This indicates that psychoanalysis gained popularity because it effectively helped people, especially in mental health contexts. It provided a cure or relief that was practically appreciated.
Now evaluate the options:
- Option 1 suggests psychoanalysis gave laymen a scientific basis. However, the passage contradicts this, indicating that scientific basis was not its strength.
- Option 2 speaks about blasting popular theory. The passage doesn't reference this directly and seems unrelated.
- Option 3 correctly captures the idea that psychoanalysis provided effective means to cure mental disorders. This aligns with the passage's emphasis on its practical impact.
- Option 4 suggests it made other trends defunct, but the passage does not support this; rather, it mentions psychoanalysis was resisted by orthodox psychology.
Therefore, the distinctive feature of psychoanalysis is its effectiveness in treating mental disorders despite lacking a strong scientific foundation — Option 3 is correct.

Answer 2

To identify the correct distinction, we must evaluate how the passage contrasts behaviorism with psychoanalysis. The passage discusses how behaviorism emphasizes conditioning and adjustment to external stimuli, while psychoanalysis emphasizes the depths of the human mind and human motivation.
In the second paragraph, the passage states:
“The solution of behaviorism... found psychoanalytic doctrine mystical, fantastic, assumptive, remote.”
It also says that behaviorism focuses on “adjustment to a program of conditioning,” which means it relies heavily on external conditioning and habit formation.
In contrast, psychoanalysis is described in the third paragraph as having “recognition of depth psychology, so much closer to human motivation,” highlighting that it deals with the inner workings of the mind.
Analyzing the options:
- Option 1 incorrectly claims behaviorism is “wide in scope,” but the passage does not make such a comparative claim about scope.
- Option 2 makes an assertion about tolerance and dogmatism, but this distinction is not discussed or supported in the passage.
- Option 3 accurately captures the key contrast – behaviorism’s focus on external conditioning vs. psychoanalysis’s focus on the internal mental world.
- Option 4 uses vague language about caution and impulsiveness, which is not addressed by the author.
Thus, the distinction clearly emphasized in the passage aligns with Option 3.

Answer 3

We must identify the statement that the passage directly refutes or contradicts. The key is to find a statement that the author clearly disagrees with or shows as incorrect.
Reviewing the passage:
The first paragraph says: “The motive force that has carried the psychoanalytic movement... created for it considerable following those discontent with traditional methods.”
This supports Option 1 – psychoanalysis gained popularity because people were disenchanted with traditional psychology.
Option 3 is also supported. The passage refers to psychoanalysis’s “recognition of depth psychology, so much closer to human motivation,” which includes the subconscious mind.
Option 4 is also supported. The passage states: “These estrangements affected its relations throughout the domain of mind and its ills; but they came to head in the practice.”
This confirms psychoanalysis had a strained relationship with other psychology branches.
Now consider Option 2: It states psychoanalysis “wooed people dissatisfied...” The passage does not support the idea of active persuasion or recruitment.
Instead, people followed psychoanalysis due to their own discontent, not because psychoanalysis tried to “woo” them.
Thus, Option 2 is not supported and is actually refuted by the tone and facts in the passage. The growth in its followers was organic, not through active efforts to recruit.

Answer 4

The correct phrase is directly drawn from the last paragraph of the passage, where the author states:
"Create a belief in the theory, and the fact will create themselves."
This quote highlights the therapeutic and psychological concept that belief in a theory can lead to subjective experiences or perceived outcomes that appear to validate the theory, regardless of its objective scientific grounding.
Let’s evaluate each option carefully:
- Option 1: "belief will be created itself" — This is tautological and does not reflect the passage accurately. The belief is already created; the focus is on what belief in theory causes.
- Option 2: "theory will be created itself" — Again, the theory already exists; the passage is not about creating a theory but about the results that belief in a theory brings.
- Option 3: "facts will be created themselves" — This exactly mirrors the passage’s quote. The belief in a theory leads to the perception or creation of facts that validate it.
- Option 4: "All of the above" — Since only Option 3 is correct, this cannot be correct.
Hence, the only accurate and passage-consistent answer is Option 3.

Answer 5

The passage makes a strong statement about the nature of psychoanalysis. Specifically, in the last paragraph, the author says:
"Psychoanalysis belongs to the typical groups of therapies in which practice is entirely a derivative of theory."
However, this seems to contrast with the line immediately before it:
"Many of these systems arise empirically within a practice, which by trial, seems to give results. This is not the case in psychoanalysis."
So for psychoanalysis, the theory is pre-existing and the practice is based upon it — it does not arise from trial or experimentation. Thus, theory comes first, practice follows.
Now compare this to the options:
- Option 1 talks about matching individual needs — not mentioned directly in the passage as a defining feature of psychoanalysis.
- Option 2 talks about empirical inferences from experiments — this is refuted by the passage as it states psychoanalysis does not rely on empirical trials.
- Option 3 suggests theory leads to practice — this sounds valid but is the reverse of the actual distinctive feature.
- Option 4 suggests “practice culminates into theory” — this reflects that psychoanalysis is theory-driven, and all its practices are shaped by theoretical assumptions. Though the wording may feel inverted, in context, Option 4 is the closest correct reflection.
Clarification: Based on the sentence structure and inferences, Option 4 is best aligned with psychoanalysis’s belief that the practice is entirely shaped by pre-existing theory — practice exists because of theory.

Answer 6

The passage clearly mentions that academic psychology largely ignored psychoanalysis during its early stages. One reason for this is discussed in the third paragraph, where it states:
"Of dreams, lapses and neuroses, orthodox psychology had little say."
This means that traditional psychologists did not engage with these topics, which were central to Freudian psychoanalysis.
Furthermore, psychoanalysis is described as being involved with "depth psychology" — a field that focuses on subconscious processes and inner mental states — which was very different from the observable behavior-focused mainstream psychology of that time.
Let’s assess the options:
- Option 1 mentions lack of practical evidence — while psychoanalysis may have lacked it, this is not emphasized in the passage as the main reason for neglect.
- Option 2 suggests invasion of privacy — the passage does not imply this as a concern of academic psychology.
- Option 3 claims lack of following — but the passage describes how it eventually gained popularity, especially among the public.
- Option 4 is accurate because it matches the passage's idea that psychoanalysis focused on unfamiliar and unconventional concepts like dreams and the subconscious mind, leading to its marginalization by mainstream psychology.
Thus, Option 4 is the best choice.

Answer 7

The passage emphasizes that psychoanalysis was different from conventional psychology because it focused on human motivation and inner experience. It describes psychoanalysis as taking a humanistic approach, addressing depth psychology, which is “so much closer to human motivation.”
Moreover, in the first paragraph, it says:
"Its mission is broadly humanistic... the therapeutic promise of psychoanalysis came as the most novel, most ambitious, most releasing..."
This means psychoanalysis deviated from conventional approaches and dealt with humanistic and novel issues.
Let’s examine the options:
- Option 1 suggests psychoanalysis focused more on theory than practice — however, the passage describes it as offering practical cures, even if the theory was debated.
- Option 2 correctly states it broke from convention and addressed humanistic issues — this is supported throughout the passage.
- Option 3 implies psychoanalysis was indifferent — but actually, it’s the allied branches that were indifferent to psychoanalysis, not the other way around.
- Option 4 says psychoanalysis “dispelled” dream theories — but the passage does not mention psychoanalysis disproving theories about dreams, rather it embraced them.
Hence, only Option 2 is fully supported.

Answer 8

The first paragraph of the passage explicitly mentions:
"It created for it considerable following those discontent with traditional methods and attitudes..."
This clearly indicates that the popularity of psychoanalysis stemmed largely from dissatisfaction with traditional psychology.
Let’s assess the options:
- Option 1 directly reflects this statement from the passage.
- Option 2 speaks of logical coherence — but the passage critiques psychoanalysis for not being strongly grounded in scientific logic.
- Option 3 mentions unconventionality — while psychoanalysis was novel, the passage emphasizes that its popularity was due to public dissatisfaction more than novelty.
- Option 4 refers to humanistic aspects — again, this contributed to its uniqueness, but popularity came mainly from discontent with traditional methods.
Therefore, the correct reason for its popularity is dissatisfaction — Option 1.