The diagram shows a typical pattern where the dataset is split into multiple parts or folds.
In each iteration, one part is used for testing while the rest are used for training.
This technique is called Cross Validation, specifically k-fold cross validation.
It is used to assess how well a model generalizes to an independent dataset.
Cross validation helps in avoiding overfitting by testing the model on unseen data during each fold.
Regression, classification, and neural networks can use cross validation, but the diagram itself directly represents the cross validation process.
Therefore, the correct answer is option (A).