Comprehension
The 18th G20 Summit, in which the heads of states and governments will meet, on September 9 and 10 will be held in India’s national capital New Delhi. Over 25 world leaders along with other delegates are going to attend this mega event.
One of the largest multilateral summits, the G20 Summit presents a significant diplomatic opportunity for India, which will convene with the adoption of a joint declaration by all the member states/
India assumed the G20 Presidency on December 1 last year. The 18th G20 Summit in New Delhi is scheduled to be held on September 9-10. ……
The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises 19 countries …. and the European Union. The G20 members represent around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two-thirds of the world population.
World leaders from several countries and institutions will mark their presence at the event. They include US President Joe Biden, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and French President Emmanuel Macron.
However, Russian President Vladimir Putin has opted out of the summit and foreign minister Sergei Lavrov will represent the country in his place. Chinese President Xi Jinping has also decided to skip the event and will send country’s Premier Li Qiang instead, according to sources.
The G20 Summit 2023 is being held under the theme – Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One Earth. One Family. One Future) – centered around the value of all life including human, animal, plant, and microorganisms and their interconnectedness on the planet Earth and in the wider universe.
India’s presidency of the summit holds significance as it aims to become a voice for the ‘less developed’ global South in a world dominated by developed nations of the West. It is also likely to take up the issue of border tension with China. India, for its part, may attempt to straighten out its diplomatic intricacies with the West after it faced challenges due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. [Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “India gears up for G20 Summit: Check event venue, guest list, special invitees”, Hindustan Times]
One of the largest multilateral summits, the G20 Summit presents a significant diplomatic opportunity for India, which will convene with the adoption of a joint declaration by all the member states/
India assumed the G20 Presidency on December 1 last year. The 18th G20 Summit in New Delhi is scheduled to be held on September 9-10. ……
The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises 19 countries …. and the European Union. The G20 members represent around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two-thirds of the world population.
World leaders from several countries and institutions will mark their presence at the event. They include US President Joe Biden, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and French President Emmanuel Macron.
However, Russian President Vladimir Putin has opted out of the summit and foreign minister Sergei Lavrov will represent the country in his place. Chinese President Xi Jinping has also decided to skip the event and will send country’s Premier Li Qiang instead, according to sources.
The G20 Summit 2023 is being held under the theme – Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One Earth. One Family. One Future) – centered around the value of all life including human, animal, plant, and microorganisms and their interconnectedness on the planet Earth and in the wider universe.
India’s presidency of the summit holds significance as it aims to become a voice for the ‘less developed’ global South in a world dominated by developed nations of the West. It is also likely to take up the issue of border tension with China. India, for its part, may attempt to straighten out its diplomatic intricacies with the West after it faced challenges due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. [Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “India gears up for G20 Summit: Check event venue, guest list, special invitees”, Hindustan Times]
Question: 1
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a forum for _______________. Select the correct option.
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a forum for _______________. Select the correct option.
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- International economic cooperation
- International peace and security
- International cooperation for combating money laundering
- All of the above
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the G20 forum:
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a global forum consisting of 19 countries and the European Union. It serves as a platform for dialogue and cooperation on a range of economic, financial, and political issues. The primary focus of the G20 is to address global economic challenges and promote international economic cooperation.
Step 2: Analyzing the options:
The G20 members represent approximately 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of global trade, and two-thirds of the world’s population. The summit involves discussions on global economic policies, financial stability, and other important economic matters that affect the entire world.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The correct answer is International economic cooperation, as the G20 forum primarily focuses on fostering collaboration and addressing global economic challenges.
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a global forum consisting of 19 countries and the European Union. It serves as a platform for dialogue and cooperation on a range of economic, financial, and political issues. The primary focus of the G20 is to address global economic challenges and promote international economic cooperation.
Step 2: Analyzing the options:
The G20 members represent approximately 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of global trade, and two-thirds of the world’s population. The summit involves discussions on global economic policies, financial stability, and other important economic matters that affect the entire world.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The correct answer is International economic cooperation, as the G20 forum primarily focuses on fostering collaboration and addressing global economic challenges.
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Question: 2
The G20 Summit is hosted by the incumbent ‘Presidency’. The G20 Presidency is responsible for bringing together the G20 agenda in consultation with other members and in response to developments in the global economy. Which country will hold the Presidency in 2024?
The G20 Summit is hosted by the incumbent ‘Presidency’. The G20 Presidency is responsible for bringing together the G20 agenda in consultation with other members and in response to developments in the global economy. Which country will hold the Presidency in 2024?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- India
- Indonesia
- Brazil
- Saudi Arabia
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the role of the G20 Presidency:
The G20 Presidency rotates annually among its member countries. The country holding the G20 Presidency is responsible for setting the agenda for the summit, coordinating discussions, and engaging with other members to address global economic challenges. The Presidency works in consultation with other member countries and adapts the agenda in response to the developments in the global economy.
Step 2: Analyzing the current and upcoming Presidencies:
According to the passage, India is holding the G20 Presidency in 2023, and the next country to hold the G20 Presidency after India will be Brazil.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The country that will hold the G20 Presidency in 2024 is Brazil.
The G20 Presidency rotates annually among its member countries. The country holding the G20 Presidency is responsible for setting the agenda for the summit, coordinating discussions, and engaging with other members to address global economic challenges. The Presidency works in consultation with other member countries and adapts the agenda in response to the developments in the global economy.
Step 2: Analyzing the current and upcoming Presidencies:
According to the passage, India is holding the G20 Presidency in 2023, and the next country to hold the G20 Presidency after India will be Brazil.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The country that will hold the G20 Presidency in 2024 is Brazil.
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Question: 3
Which one of the following countries is not a member of the G20?
Which one of the following countries is not a member of the G20?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- Egypt
- Mexico
- Republic of Korea
- Turkiye
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the G20 membership:
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a forum that consists of 19 countries and the European Union. It includes major world economies that represent about 85% of the global GDP and two-thirds of the global population. These members work together to address global economic challenges.
Step 2: Clarifying Egypt's position:
The passage clearly states that Egypt is not a member of the G20. While Egypt is an important player in international politics and economics, it is not part of the G20 group. Therefore, Egypt does not participate in the annual G20 summits or decision-making processes regarding global economic matters.
Step 3: Analyzing the options:
The correct answer is option (A): Egypt, as it is not a member of the G20, and this is explicitly mentioned in the passage.
Step 4: Conclusion:
The correct answer is option (A): Egypt, as Egypt is not part of the G20 group.
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a forum that consists of 19 countries and the European Union. It includes major world economies that represent about 85% of the global GDP and two-thirds of the global population. These members work together to address global economic challenges.
Step 2: Clarifying Egypt's position:
The passage clearly states that Egypt is not a member of the G20. While Egypt is an important player in international politics and economics, it is not part of the G20 group. Therefore, Egypt does not participate in the annual G20 summits or decision-making processes regarding global economic matters.
Step 3: Analyzing the options:
The correct answer is option (A): Egypt, as it is not a member of the G20, and this is explicitly mentioned in the passage.
Step 4: Conclusion:
The correct answer is option (A): Egypt, as Egypt is not part of the G20 group.
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Question: 4
At every G20 summit, the host country invites countries and institutions that are not members of the G20. Which among the following denotes the correct list of countries being G20 invitees to the Summit held in New Delhi in September 2023?
At every G20 summit, the host country invites countries and institutions that are not members of the G20. Which among the following denotes the correct list of countries being G20 invitees to the Summit held in New Delhi in September 2023?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- Nepal, Bangladesh, Egypt, Netherlands
- Bhutan, Mauritius, Nigeria, Oman
- Bangladesh, Singapore, Spain, Netherlands
- Sri Lanka, Egypt, UAE, Mauritius
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the role of G20 invitees:
At each G20 summit, the host country invites countries and international organizations that are not part of the G20 to participate. These invitees are typically selected based on their economic or political relevance or to enhance the global reach and inclusiveness of the summit discussions.
Step 2: Analyzing the invitees for the 2023 Summit in New Delhi:
As mentioned in the passage, countries and institutions that are not part of the G20 are invited to the summit. For the 2023 G20 summit in New Delhi, the correct list of invitees includes:
- Bangladesh
- Singapore
- Spain
- Netherlands
Step 3: Conclusion:
The correct list of countries invited to the G20 Summit held in New Delhi in September 2023 is Bangladesh, Singapore, Spain, Netherlands.
At each G20 summit, the host country invites countries and international organizations that are not part of the G20 to participate. These invitees are typically selected based on their economic or political relevance or to enhance the global reach and inclusiveness of the summit discussions.
Step 2: Analyzing the invitees for the 2023 Summit in New Delhi:
As mentioned in the passage, countries and institutions that are not part of the G20 are invited to the summit. For the 2023 G20 summit in New Delhi, the correct list of invitees includes:
- Bangladesh
- Singapore
- Spain
- Netherlands
Step 3: Conclusion:
The correct list of countries invited to the G20 Summit held in New Delhi in September 2023 is Bangladesh, Singapore, Spain, Netherlands.
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Questions Asked in CLAT exam
- From a very early age, I knew that when I grew up, I should be a writer. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings, full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes, and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. I give all this background information because I do not think one can assess a writer's motives without knowing something of his early development.
His subject-matter will be determined by the age he lives in — at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own — but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job to discipline his temperament, but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write. I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They are: (i) Sheer egoism: Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood; (ii) Aesthetic enthusiasm: Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed (iii) Historical impulse: Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity (iv) Political purpose: Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people's idea of the kind of society that they should strive after.
[Extracted with edits from George Orwell's "Why I Write"]- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- The right kind of education consists in understanding the child as he is without imposing upon him an ideal of what we think he should be. To enclose him in the framework of an ideal is to encourage him to conform, which breeds fear and produces in him a constant conflict between what he is and what he should be: and all inward conflicts have their outward manifestations in society. If the parent loves the child, he observes him, he studies his tendencies, his moods, and peculiarities. It is only when one feels no love for the child that one imposes upon him an ideal, for then one's ambitions are trying to fulfill themselves in him, wanting him to become this or that. If one loves, not the ideal but the child, then there is a possibility of helping him to understand himself as he is.
Ideals are a convenient escape, and the teacher who follows them is incapable of understanding his students and dealing with them intelligently; for him, the future ideal, the what should be, is far more important than the present child. The pursuit of an ideal excludes love, and without love no human problem can be solved. If the teacher is of the right kind, he will not depend on a method, but will study each individual pupil. In our relationship with children and young people, we are not dealing with mechanical devices that can be quickly repaired, but with living beings who are impressionable, volatile, sensitive, afraid, affectionate: and to deal with them, we have to have great understanding, the strength of patience and love. When we lack these, we look to quick and easy remedies and hope for marvellous and automatic results. If we are unaware, mechanical in our attitudes and actions, we fight shy of any demand upon us that is disturbing and that cannot be met by an automatic response, and this is one of our major difficulties in education.
(Extract with edits from "The right kind of Education" by J. Krishna Murti)- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- Education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas.... If education were identical with information, the libraries are the sages in the world and encyclopaedias are the rishis. Getting by heart the thoughts of others in a foreign language and stuffing your brain with them and taking some University degree, you consider yourself educated. Is this education? What is the goal of your education? Open your eyes and see what a piteous cry for food is rising in the land of Bharata, proverbial for its food. Will your education fulfill this want?
We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one's own feet. What we need to study independent of foreign control, different branches of the knowledge that is our own, and with it the English language and Western science; we need technical education and all else that will develop industries so that men instead of seeking for service may earn enough to provide for themselves and save against a rainy day. The end of all education, all training, should be man-making. The end and aim of all training are to make the man grow. The training by which the current expression of will are brought under control and become fruitful, is called education. What our country now wants are muscles of iron and nerves of steel, gigantic wills, which nothing can resist, which can penetrate into the mysteries and secrets of the universe and will accomplish their purpose in any fashion, even if it meant going down to the bottom of the ocean, meeting death face to face.
There is only one method of attaining knowledge. It is by concentration. The very essence of education is concentration of mind. From the lowest to the highest man, all have to use the same method to attain knowledge. The chemist who works in the laboratory concentrates on elements to analyze them. Knowledge is acquired by concentration.
[Extracted with edits from "Education" by Swami Vivekananda]- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- Punctually at midday, he opened his bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowrie shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing. His forehead was dazzling with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks: even a half-wit's eyes would sparkle in such a setting. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks, He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree which flanked a path running through the town hall park, It was a remarkable place in many ways: a surging crowd was always moving up and down this narrow road morning till night. A variety of trades and occupations was represented all along its way: medicine sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk, magicians, and, above all, an auctioneer of cheap cloth, who created enough din all day to attract the whole town. Next to him in vociferousness came a vendor of fried groundnut, who gave his ware a fancy name each day, calling it "Bombay Ice Cream" one day, and on the next "Delhi Almond," and on the third "Raja's Delicacy," and so on and so forth, and people flocked to him. A considerable portion of this crowd dallied before the astrologer too. The astrologer transacted his business by the light of a flare which crackled and smoked up above the groundnut heap nearby.
(Extracted with edits from "An Astrologer's Day" by R.K. Narayan)- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- The "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam", 2023 Act received near-unanimous support in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The legislation mandates the reservation of one-third of all seats in the Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, and Delhi (as a union territory with an elected assembly) for women. This linking of the implementation of the Act to the implementing of two long-term exercises of census and delimitation, makes little sense to many, and sounds quite like empowerment delayed for now.
In a 2012 article 'Holding Up Half the Sky: Reservations for Women in India', Rudolf C Heredia breaks down the common misconceptions that cloud our understanding of women's political participation- "When women do attain a national leadership role it is often because they have inherited the mantle from their fathers ophusbands, rather than as persons in their own right and are then projected as matriarchs, part of the joint family, complementary to the patriarchy rather than a challenge to it."
In 'Equality versus Empowerment: Women in Indian Legislature', 2023, Soumya Bhowmick makes the case for going a step beyond quotas, and to turn our attention to the complexities that shape women's agency in the country. This, he argues, would require a bottoms-up approach, rather than merely handing out reservations in a top-down manner. "In a country like India with a considerably large heterogeneous population, the dissemination of legislative power would be insufficient to protect the interests of minority groups such as women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes." He concludes that "implementing the idea of reservation for women would bring about descriptive representation, but its transformation into substantive representation would depend on the change in the attitudes of the people."
While the reservation of one-third of seats for women belonging to the scheduled castes and tribes under the amendment to article 330a and 332 of the constitution is a welcome step, it remains to be seen whether it fully acknowledges the complex interplay of hierarchies, socio-political relationships which also affect the extent and nature of complications that surround effective realisation of women's politics for Indian politics to emerge as a truly emancipatory space.- CLAT - 2025
- National Affairs
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