Tashkent agreement was signed between which countries?
India and Pakistan
The Tashkent Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. It was a peace agreement signed on January 10, 1966, in Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan) under the mediation of the Soviet Union. The agreement was signed by Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The Tashkent Agreement aimed to bring an end to the armed conflict between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The agreement called for a ceasefire, withdrawal of forces to pre-war positions, and the release of prisoners of war. It also emphasized the need for peaceful relations and the resolution of disputes through negotiations. Unfortunately, soon after signing the agreement, Lal Bahadur Shastri passed away, leading to a period of uncertainty in India-Pakistan relations.
The Darsanams of the Gosangi
Over the costumes, Gosangi wears various objects made up of leather, shells, metal and threads as ornaments. Traditionally, the prominent among them is known as Darsanam-s, which literally means vision or suggesting that which is visible. There are altogether seven Darsanams, which can be neither considered as costumes nor ornaments. But, for an outsider, they may look like ornaments. The first Darsanam that Gosangi wears,cover chest and the back. This is traditionally identified as Rommu Darsanam or Sanku Darsanam. The second one is tied around the neck and called as Kanta Darsanam. The third and fourth ones are tied around the arms of left and right hands. The fifth and sixth ones are tied to the left and right wrists. (For these specific names are mentioned by the performers). The seventh one is known as Siro Darsanam, and it is tied around the already tied hair (koppu). The performers also know all these Dasanam except the Rommu Darsanam and Dasthavejulu (records).
Percussive Musical Instruments of India
India is very rich in the number and variety of musical instruments. From time immemorial, musical instruments have been connected with various Gods and goddesses according to mythol ogy. Musical Instruments have been classified into Thata, Avanadha, Ghana and Sushira. We came across this classification first in Natyashastra. Thata variety, is an instrument with strings and played by plucking or bowing. The instruments like Veena, Sitar, violin, Sarangi etc. come under this category. The Avandha variety are instruments with skin-covered heads, and are played by beating on both sides or one side. Mridangam, Pakhawaj, Tabla etc. come under this category. Ghana vadyas are those made with metal content. Manjira, Ghatom etc. are some of the examples of Ghana Vadya. Sushira Vadya are those instruments with holes and make the sound by blowing air through the holes. Flute, Nagaswaram, Saxophone, Clarinet are some of the examples.
Mohiniyattam
Mohiniyattam, literally Dance of the Enchanttress, has its seeds in the deep past of Kerala. Its present form, designed exclusively for the female dancer, is however, a recent creation inspired by the living matrix of Kerala’s social ensemble dances performed on festive occa sions like Kaikottikali and Thiruvathirakali, and Nangyar Kootu, The female component of the highly stylized Kudiyattam, a souviour of Sanskrit theatre. The word, Mohini, occurs in an eighteenth-century Malayalam commentary of the Vyavah¯aram¯ala composed two hundred years earlier by Mazhamangalam Narayanan Nambudiri. Much later, the creator of Ottam Thullal, Kunjan Nambiar in his Goshayatra mentions Mohiniyattam. Reformer Vallathol traced the dance right down to the days of the Silappadikaram because of the definite reference to Ker ala’s Chakyars while scholars like Pisharoti believed the dance had a six hundred-year-old history. Kalyanikuttyamma, Kunjukuttyamma, Kanak Rele are some of the great dancers of Mohiniyattam.
Passage: Prabandh
As Sarangadeva describes in his book ”Sangit- Ratnakar”, Prabandh had two prime forms, namely Nibaddha gana and Anibaddha gana. The components of Prabandh is called as Dhatu. There are four Dhatus or parts of a Prabandh. The first one is called Udgraha, the second is Melapak, third is Dhurva and Fourth is Abhog. There is another part called Antra which was not essential to Prabandh. It was inserted in between the Dhruva and the Abhoga in a particular variety of Prabandh. Prabandh also has six Angas: 1. Swara, 2. Viruda, 3. Pada, 4. Tenak, 5. Paat, 6. Tala. The Prabandh has five Varieties or Jatis namely: Medini, Anandini, Dipani, Bhavani, and Taravali. The Jati having all six Angas is known as Medani, the jati having five Angas is known as Anandini, the Jati having four Angas is known as Dipani, the Jati having three Angas is known as Bhavani, the Jati having two Angas is known as Taravali.
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International organizations play a crucial role in global governance, facilitating cooperation and coordination among nations on various issues of common interest. Here are some key international organizations:
United Nations (UN): The UN is the most prominent international organization, with the goal of promoting peace, security, and development. It consists of multiple bodies, including the General Assembly, Security Council, and specialized agencies like UNESCO and WHO.
World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO oversees international trade and resolves trade disputes among member countries. Its aim is to promote free and fair trade by establishing rules and regulations.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF provides financial assistance, economic advice, and policy coordination to member countries to maintain stability in the global financial system and promote sustainable economic growth.
World Bank: The World Bank provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development projects, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development.
European Union (EU): The EU is a political and economic union of 27 European countries. It promotes economic integration, facilitates trade, and coordinates policies on various issues such as security, migration, and climate change.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): NATO is a military alliance among North American and European countries, aimed at collective defense and security cooperation.
African Union (AU): The AU works towards promoting peace, security, and development in Africa, fostering integration among African nations, and addressing regional challenges.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): OPEC is a group of oil-producing countries that coordinate oil production and pricing policies to stabilize global oil markets.
These organizations, along with many others like the World Health Organization (WHO), International Labor Organization (ILO), and International Criminal Court (ICC), play important roles in addressing global issues, promoting cooperation, and advancing international norms and standards.