Question

Statement: Some birds can fly.
Conclusion: Some birds cannot fly.
Is the conclusion valid?

• A. Yes
• B. No
• C. Partially valid
• D. Cannot determine

Hint:

For "some" statements, conclusions about the complementary set require additional information to be valid.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

- Step 1: Analyze the statement. "Some birds can fly" means there exist birds that can fly.
- Step 2: Evaluate the conclusion. "Some birds cannot fly" means there exist birds that cannot fly.
- Step 3: Apply logical reasoning. The statement does not provide information about whether some birds cannot fly. It only confirms that some can fly, leaving open the possibility that all or some birds cannot fly.
- Step 4: Test for validity. The conclusion is not necessarily true or false based on the statement, as it lacks information about non-flying birds.
- Step 5: Check options. Option (1) "Yes" is incorrect as the conclusion is not guaranteed. Option (2) "No" is incorrect as the conclusion is not disproven. Option (3) "Partially valid" is not applicable. Option (4) "Cannot determine" is correct due to insufficient information.
- Step 6: Conclusion. Option (4) is correct.