Comprehension
Read the given passage carefully and answer file questions that follow.
There is a fairly universal sentiment that the use of nuclear weapons is clearly contrary to morality and that its production probably so, dues not go far enough. These activities are not only opposed to morality but also to law if the legal objection can be added to the moral, the argument against the use and the manufacture of these weapons will considerably be reinforced. Now the time is ripe to evaluate the responsibility of scientists who knowingly use their expertise for the construction of such weapons, which has deleterious effect on mankind.
To this must be added the fact that more than 50 percent of the skilled scientific manpower in the world is now engaged in the armaments industry. How appropriate it is that all this valuable skill should be devoted to the manufacture of weapons of death in a world of poverty is a question that must touch the scientific conscience.
A meeting of biologists on the Long Term Worldwide Biological consequences of nuclear war added frightening dimension to those forecasts. Its report suggested that the long biological effects resulting from climatic changes may at least be as serious as the immediate ones. Sub freezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support system of civilization, at least in the Northern hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystem could be severely restricted for a year or more.
Post war survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in the dark and be exposed to near lethal doses of radiation. If, as now seems possible, the, Southern Hemisphere were affected also, global disruption of the biosphere could ensue. In any event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the inter dependence of the world economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the earth's animals, plants and microorganism seems possible. The population size of Homo sapiens conceivably could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of human species itself cannot be excluded.
There is a fairly universal sentiment that the use of nuclear weapons is clearly contrary to morality and that its production probably so, dues not go far enough. These activities are not only opposed to morality but also to law if the legal objection can be added to the moral, the argument against the use and the manufacture of these weapons will considerably be reinforced. Now the time is ripe to evaluate the responsibility of scientists who knowingly use their expertise for the construction of such weapons, which has deleterious effect on mankind.
To this must be added the fact that more than 50 percent of the skilled scientific manpower in the world is now engaged in the armaments industry. How appropriate it is that all this valuable skill should be devoted to the manufacture of weapons of death in a world of poverty is a question that must touch the scientific conscience.
A meeting of biologists on the Long Term Worldwide Biological consequences of nuclear war added frightening dimension to those forecasts. Its report suggested that the long biological effects resulting from climatic changes may at least be as serious as the immediate ones. Sub freezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support system of civilization, at least in the Northern hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystem could be severely restricted for a year or more.
Post war survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in the dark and be exposed to near lethal doses of radiation. If, as now seems possible, the, Southern Hemisphere were affected also, global disruption of the biosphere could ensue. In any event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the inter dependence of the world economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the earth's animals, plants and microorganism seems possible. The population size of Homo sapiens conceivably could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of human species itself cannot be excluded.
Question: 1
Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word, printed in bold as used in the passage Deleterious.
Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word, printed in bold as used in the passage Deleterious.
Show Hint
When asked for an antonym, first substitute the bold word with a simple synonym from the sentence and then pick the option that conveys the opposite of that synonym.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Beneficial
- harmful
- Irreparable
- Non cognizable
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The word "deleterious" in the passage describes the harmful effect of weapons on mankind.
Among the options, "harmful" is a synonym, not an opposite. "Irreparable" and "non cognizable" do not directly oppose the sense.
"Beneficial" is the direct opposite of "deleterious".
Hence the correct option is (a) Beneficial.
Among the options, "harmful" is a synonym, not an opposite. "Irreparable" and "non cognizable" do not directly oppose the sense.
"Beneficial" is the direct opposite of "deleterious".
Hence the correct option is (a) Beneficial.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 2
The author's most important objective of writing the above passage seems to………….
The author's most important objective of writing the above passage seems to………….
Show Hint
Look for the writer's main thrust across the whole passage (opening + supporting paragraphs) rather than a single paragraph when choosing author's intent.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Highlight the use of nuclear weapons as a collective population control measures
- Illustrate the devastating effects of use of nuclear weapons on mankind.
- Duly highlight the supremacy of the nations which possess nuclear weapons.
- Summarise the long biological effects of use of nuclear weapons.
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Read the passage's central theme — it repeatedly emphasises moral, legal and especially biological/ecological consequences of nuclear weapons.
Options (d) and (b) are close: (d) is narrower (summarise long biological effects) while (b) captures the broader intent — to illustrate devastating effects on mankind (moral, legal, biological, societal).
The passage opens with moral/legal objections, then details biological/ecosystem impacts and societal consequences — confirming the author's aim to highlight devastation.
Hence the best choice is (b).
Options (d) and (b) are close: (d) is narrower (summarise long biological effects) while (b) captures the broader intent — to illustrate devastating effects on mankind (moral, legal, biological, societal).
The passage opens with moral/legal objections, then details biological/ecosystem impacts and societal consequences — confirming the author's aim to highlight devastation.
Hence the best choice is (b).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 3
The scientists engaged in manufacturing destructive weapons are ……………….
The scientists engaged in manufacturing destructive weapons are ……………….
Show Hint
When a factual detail is asked, scan for exact figures or clear statements in the passage — the correct option usually mirrors the sentence closely.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Very few in number
- Irresponsible and incompetent
- More than half of the total number
- Engaged in the armaments industry against their desire
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The passage explicitly states that "more than 50 percent of the skilled scientific manpower in the world is now engaged in the armaments industry."
This maps directly to option (c). Other options contradict or are not supported by the passage.
Hence the correct answer is (c).
This maps directly to option (c). Other options contradict or are not supported by the passage.
Hence the correct answer is (c).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 4
According to the passage, the argument on use and manufacture of nuclear weapons
According to the passage, the argument on use and manufacture of nuclear weapons
Show Hint
Pick the option that most closely paraphrases a clear line from the passage when the question is about the author's assertion.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Does not stand the test of legality
- Possesses legal strength although it does not have moral standing
- Is acceptable only on moral grounds
- Becomes stronger if legal and moral considerations are combined
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The passage says that these activities are opposed to morality and also to law — and that "if the legal objection can be added to the moral, the argument against the use and the manufacture of these weapons will considerably be reinforced."
That sentence directly supports (d): combining legal and moral objections makes the argument stronger.
Hence the correct answer is (d).
That sentence directly supports (d): combining legal and moral objections makes the argument stronger.
Hence the correct answer is (d).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 5
The author of the passage seems to be of the view that
The author of the passage seems to be of the view that
Show Hint
For attitude/stance questions, summarise the passage's tone (critical/supportive/neutral) then choose the option matching that tone.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Utilization of scientific skills in manufacture of weapons is appropriate
- Manufacture of weapons of death would help eradication of poverty
- Spending money on manufacture of weapons may be justifiable subject to the availability of funds
- Utilization of valuable knowledge for manufacture of lethal weapons is inhuman
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The passage repeatedly condemns diverting scientific skill to armaments and calls the effects "deleterious" and "lethal", raising moral concerns about such use of knowledge.
Options (a), (b), (c) support or justify weapon manufacture — contrary to the passage's critical stance. Option (d) captures the author's moral rejection that using valuable knowledge to make lethal weapons is inhumane.
Hence the correct choice is (d).
Options (a), (b), (c) support or justify weapon manufacture — contrary to the passage's critical stance. Option (d) captures the author's moral rejection that using valuable knowledge to make lethal weapons is inhumane.
Hence the correct choice is (d).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 6
Which of the following is one of the consequences of nuclear war?
Which of the following is one of the consequences of nuclear war?
Show Hint
Match time-frames and keywords: when the passage mentions "for a year or more" or similar phrases, prefer the option that echoes that timeframe even if the option's wording is slightly awkward.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Fertility of land will last for a year or so.
- Post war survivors being very few will have abundant food.
- Lights would be cooler and more comfortable.
- Southern Hemisphere would remain quite safe in the post war period.
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Locate the relevant sentence: the passage says "Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystem could be severely restricted for a year or more."
That line indicates agricultural fertility/productivity would be affected for about a year or more after a large-scale nuclear war.
Option (a) is the only choice that refers to a one-year timescale for land/agricultural condition and therefore (despite brief awkward wording) is the statement linked to the passage's claim about the duration of post-war agricultural impact.
Step 4: Options (b) and (c) directly contradict the passage (the passage predicts starvation and low light levels, not abundant food or "cool comfortable" lights) and (d) is contradicted by the line saying the Southern Hemisphere might also be affected.
Hence the most appropriate choice is (a).
That line indicates agricultural fertility/productivity would be affected for about a year or more after a large-scale nuclear war.
Option (a) is the only choice that refers to a one-year timescale for land/agricultural condition and therefore (despite brief awkward wording) is the statement linked to the passage's claim about the duration of post-war agricultural impact.
Step 4: Options (b) and (c) directly contradict the passage (the passage predicts starvation and low light levels, not abundant food or "cool comfortable" lights) and (d) is contradicted by the line saying the Southern Hemisphere might also be affected.
Hence the most appropriate choice is (a).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 7
Which of the following best explains the word \(\textit{devoted}\), as used in the passage?
Which of the following best explains the word \(\textit{devoted}\), as used in the passage?
Show Hint
Always read the immediate context around the target word — positive/negative tone in the sentence will usually tell you which meaning is intended.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Dedicated for a good cause
- Utilized for betterment
- Abused for destruction
- Underutilized
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Examine the sentence: "How appropriate it is that all this valuable skill should be devoted to the manufacture of weapons of death..." — here "devoted to" describes allocation of valuable skill toward weapon production.
The context is critical/negative: skills are being put to harmful ends (manufacture of "weapons of death"), so the sense is that they are being misapplied or abused for destruction.
Option (c) "Abused for destruction" best fits this negative sense. Options (a) and (b) are positive senses (dedicated/for betterment) and (d) "Underutilized" does not capture the sense of being put to harmful use.
Hence the correct choice is (c).
The context is critical/negative: skills are being put to harmful ends (manufacture of "weapons of death"), so the sense is that they are being misapplied or abused for destruction.
Option (c) "Abused for destruction" best fits this negative sense. Options (a) and (b) are positive senses (dedicated/for betterment) and (d) "Underutilized" does not capture the sense of being put to harmful use.
Hence the correct choice is (c).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 8
The biological consequences of nuclear war as given in the passage include all the following, except
The biological consequences of nuclear war as given in the passage include all the following, except
Show Hint
For 'except' questions, first mark all items explicitly mentioned in the passage — the remaining option is the correct choice.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Fall in temperature below zero degree Celsius
- Ultraviolet radiation
- High doses of ionizing
- Abundant food for smaller population
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The passage lists specific biological consequences: "Sub freezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months..." — this supports (a), (b) and (c).
The passage further predicts "Post war survivors would face starvation..." which contradicts the idea of abundant food.
Therefore the statement that biological consequences include "abundant food for smaller population" is not given by the passage and is the exception.
Hence the correct answer is (d).
The passage further predicts "Post war survivors would face starvation..." which contradicts the idea of abundant food.
Therefore the statement that biological consequences include "abundant food for smaller population" is not given by the passage and is the exception.
Hence the correct answer is (d).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 9
It appears from the passage that the use of nuclear weapons is considered against morality by
It appears from the passage that the use of nuclear weapons is considered against morality by
Show Hint
Words like "universal", "widely", "generally" in the passage point to answers that indicate majority or near-global views.
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- Only such of those nations who cannot afford to manufacture and sell weapons
- Almost all the nations of the word
- Only the superpowers who can afford to manufacture and sell weapons
- Most of the scientists devote their valuable skills to manufacture nuclear weapons.
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The passage begins with: "There is a fairly universal sentiment that the use of nuclear weapons is clearly contrary to morality..." — "fairly universal" indicates a widespread (nearly global) moral objection.
Option (b) paraphrases this idea ("Almost all the nations of the world") and therefore best matches the passage.
Options (a) and (c) restrict the view to certain nations (not supported by "universal"), and (d) is a factual statement about scientists, not about who considers the weapons immoral.
Hence the correct answer is (b).
Option (b) paraphrases this idea ("Almost all the nations of the world") and therefore best matches the passage.
Options (a) and (c) restrict the view to certain nations (not supported by "universal"), and (d) is a factual statement about scientists, not about who considers the weapons immoral.
Hence the correct answer is (b).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 10
Which of the following statements I, II, III and IV is definitely true in the context of the passage?
(I) There is every likelihood of survival of the human species as a consequence of nuclear war.
(II) Nuclear war risks and harmful effects are highly exaggerated.
(III) The post war survivors would be exposed to the benefits of non lethal radiation.
(IV) Living organisms in the areas which were not directly affected by nuclear war would also suffer.
Which of the following statements I, II, III and IV is definitely true in the context of the passage?
(I) There is every likelihood of survival of the human species as a consequence of nuclear war.
(II) Nuclear war risks and harmful effects are highly exaggerated.
(III) The post war survivors would be exposed to the benefits of non lethal radiation.
(IV) Living organisms in the areas which were not directly affected by nuclear war would also suffer.
(I) There is every likelihood of survival of the human species as a consequence of nuclear war.
(II) Nuclear war risks and harmful effects are highly exaggerated.
(III) The post war survivors would be exposed to the benefits of non lethal radiation.
(IV) Living organisms in the areas which were not directly affected by nuclear war would also suffer.
Show Hint
For multi-statement items, check each statement against explicit lines in the passage — mark true/false and pick the option containing the definitely true statement(s).
Updated On: Aug 12, 2025
- I
- III
- II
- IV
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Check statement (I) — the passage warns extinction is possible and that human population "could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of human species itself cannot be excluded." So (I) is false.
Check (II) — the passage treats risks and harmful effects seriously (not as exaggerated), so (II) is false.
Check (III) — the passage says survivors "would face starvation ... and be exposed to near lethal doses of radiation" — not benefits of non-lethal radiation; (III) is false.
Step 4: Check (IV) — the passage explicitly says there "would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the inter dependence of the world economy," so living organisms in indirectly affected areas would also suffer — (IV) is true.
Hence the only definitely true statement is (IV), so select (d).
Check (II) — the passage treats risks and harmful effects seriously (not as exaggerated), so (II) is false.
Check (III) — the passage says survivors "would face starvation ... and be exposed to near lethal doses of radiation" — not benefits of non-lethal radiation; (III) is false.
Step 4: Check (IV) — the passage explicitly says there "would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the inter dependence of the world economy," so living organisms in indirectly affected areas would also suffer — (IV) is true.
Hence the only definitely true statement is (IV), so select (d).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
Read the sentence and infer the writer's tone: "The politician's speech was filled with lofty promises and little substance, a performance repeated every election season."
- CUET (UG) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the sentence and answer the question: ``Not only did he forget my birthday, but he also ignored my calls the next day." Which of the following best describes the tone?
- CUET (UG) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage and answer the The Reserve Bank of India was established in the year 1935. The Central office of RBI is in Mumbai. The main function of the Reserve Bank of India is to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India. It generally operates the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage. In this passage, ‘Bank Notes’ refers to
- KMAT KERALA - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage and answer the Animals are the most adorable and loving creatures existing on Earth. They may not be able to speak but they can understand. Domestic animals mostly move with humans. Wild animals generally live in forests. Animals play a vital role in maintaining nature’s balance. This passage primarily focused on the importance of
- KMAT KERALA - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage and answer the A psychotropic drug is a chemical substance that changes the function of the nervous system. If the charges under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic substances Act are proved, the accused will get a deterrent punishment. Police will take in drug addicts and admit them in centres for rehabilitation. This passage primarily focused on
- KMAT KERALA - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
View More Questions
Questions Asked in CLAT exam
- The "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam", 2023 Act received near-unanimous support in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The legislation mandates the reservation of one-third of all seats in the Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, and Delhi (as a union territory with an elected assembly) for women. This linking of the implementation of the Act to the implementing of two long-term exercises of census and delimitation, makes little sense to many, and sounds quite like empowerment delayed for now.
In a 2012 article 'Holding Up Half the Sky: Reservations for Women in India', Rudolf C Heredia breaks down the common misconceptions that cloud our understanding of women's political participation- "When women do attain a national leadership role it is often because they have inherited the mantle from their fathers ophusbands, rather than as persons in their own right and are then projected as matriarchs, part of the joint family, complementary to the patriarchy rather than a challenge to it."
In 'Equality versus Empowerment: Women in Indian Legislature', 2023, Soumya Bhowmick makes the case for going a step beyond quotas, and to turn our attention to the complexities that shape women's agency in the country. This, he argues, would require a bottoms-up approach, rather than merely handing out reservations in a top-down manner. "In a country like India with a considerably large heterogeneous population, the dissemination of legislative power would be insufficient to protect the interests of minority groups such as women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes." He concludes that "implementing the idea of reservation for women would bring about descriptive representation, but its transformation into substantive representation would depend on the change in the attitudes of the people."
While the reservation of one-third of seats for women belonging to the scheduled castes and tribes under the amendment to article 330a and 332 of the constitution is a welcome step, it remains to be seen whether it fully acknowledges the complex interplay of hierarchies, socio-political relationships which also affect the extent and nature of complications that surround effective realisation of women's politics for Indian politics to emerge as a truly emancipatory space.- CLAT - 2025
- National Affairs
- In keeping with the slogan for this year's Olympics, "Games Wide Open," the opening ceremony took place outside a stadium setting by the river, for the first time. In many respects, the Paris Games turned out to be one of the most elaborate cultural rituals since Covid swept across the world beginning in late 2019. Health restrictions forced the organizers of Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 to sharply limit the scale of the festivities, with events largely closed to the public. Paris 2024, powered in part by pent-up demand for communal experiences, symbolized an international post-pandemic vibe shift.
The International Olympic Committee and French officials managed strict security measures in place. Yet the recent history of violence in France - including the 2015 terror attack in Paris that left 138 people dead and at least 416 injured - stalked public consciousness prior to the games. The geopolitical backdrop for the Paris Games was no less troubling. The war between Israel and Hamas which had crossed the six-month mark, raised fears of a protracted conflict and wider regional instability. The devastation in the Gaza Strip has provoked international outrage, isolating Israel on the global stage. Meanwhile, Russia continues to gain ground in its military offensive against Ukraine as some Western nations worry about the rise of authoritarianism. These international crises raised serious concerns that could come into play during the Games in the form of protests and other political demonstrations.
Nevertheless, Olympics organizers put up a show that stunned the throngs assembled on the boulevards of Paris, not to mention the millions of people who watched the Games unfold on their televisions and mobile devices. At the Paris 2024 Olympics, India secured a total of six medals; one silver and five bronze which was one down from the highest haul of medals from the previous Olympics. Neeraj Chopra earned a silver in men's javelin with an 89.45 throw, narrowly missing gold to Pakistan's Arshad Nadeem. Shooter Manu Bhaker made history by clinching bronze in the women's 10'm air pistol, becoming the first Indian woman to win a medal in Olympic shooting. The men's hockey team achieved a second consecutive bronze, defeating Spain 2-1, with captain Harmanpreet Singh scoring both goals.
(Extracted, with edits and revision, from "The Olympics are nearly here. For a weary world, they can't come soon enough", NBCNEWS)- CLAT - 2025
- Sports
- During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. The industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. After the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic. They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.
The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. But inspite of that, some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932. In 1930, thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. But the Congress was reluctant to include workers' demands as part of its programme of struggle. It felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial forces.
Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. During Gandhiji's salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
[Excerpt from Chapter II - Nationalism in India, India and the Contemporary World, NCERT]- CLAT - 2025
- Historical Events
- Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi used a BRICS summit in Russia recently to showcase ambitions for a more harmonious relationship between the world's two most populous countries after years of animosity.
The meeting between Xi and Modi, who have not held formal talks for five years, was one highlight of a summit. BRICS also gave an opportunity to the Russian President Vladimir Putin for showcasing that the West had failed to isolate Russia over the Ukraine war.
A final communique listed a number of projects aimed at facilitating trade between BRICS nations including an alternative payment system to the dollar but did not include details or timelines.
Just two days after New Delhi announced that it had reached a deal with Beijing to resolve a four-year military stand-off on their disputed Himalayan frontier, Xi told Modi that they should enhance communication and cooperation and effectively manage differences.
BRICS - an idea thought up inside Goldman Sachs two decades ago to describe the growing economic clout of China and other major emerging markets - is now a group that accounts for 45% of the world's population and 35% of the global economy.
Former Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill, who coined the BRIC term in 2001, told Reuters that he had little optimism for the BRICS club as long as China and India remained so divided.
"It seems to me basically to be a symbolie annual gathering where important emerging countries, particularly noisy ones like Russia, but also China, can basically get together and highlight how good it is to be part of something that doesn't involve the U.S. and that global governance isn't good enough,"
The 43-page final communique from the summit ranged from geopolitics and narcoties to artificial intelligence and even the preservation of Big Cats, but lacked detail on some major issues. It mentioned Ukraine just once.
(Excerpts from "Putin scores a BRICS win with rare Xi and Modi show of harmony" By Vladimir Soldatkin and Guy Faulconbridge, Reuters, October 23, 2024)- CLAT - 2025
- International Affairs
- According to the estimates of the World Inequality Report 2022, in India, men earn 82 percent of the labour income, whereas women earn 18 percent of it. A woman agriculture field labourer makes Rs. 88 per day lesser than her male counterpart, according to the Ministry of Agriculture’s data for 2020-21. While a man is paid Rs. 383 a day on an average, a woman makes a mere Rs. 294 a day. The gap in their daily wages is more than the cost of two kilograms of rice. This gap differs from State to State. Field laborers, for instance, make the most money in Kerala. While a man gets Rs. 789 per day, a woman is paid Rs. 537. While this is the highest amount paid to a woman labourer in a State, it is also Rs. 252 lesser than what her male counterpart was paid. As of 2020-21, Tamil Nadu has the highest gender wage gap among agriculture field laborers at 112 percent. It is followed by Goa (61 percent) and Kerala. The wage gap is the lowest in Jharkhand and Gujarat (6 percent each), but the women laborers there get paid just Rs. 239 and Rs. 247 per day, respectively.
Men earn more than women across all forms of work, the gap greatest for the self-employed. In 2023, male self-employed workers earned 2.8 times that of women. In contrast, male regular wage workers earned 24% more than women and male casual workers earned 48% more. The gender gap in earnings is still a persistent phenomenon. However, there are differences in trends. The gender gap has increased for self-employed workers, while falling for regular wage workers. Male regular wage workers earned 34% more than women from 2019 to 2022, with the gap falling to 24% in 2023.- CLAT - 2025
- Statistical Estimation
View More Questions