Read the following statements: Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from those given below:
Assertion (A): In the recent past, Indian economy has been facing the problem of jobless growth.
Reason (R): Jobless growth refers to a situation where an economy is able to produce more goods and services without generating additional employment.
Assertion (A): Jobless growth has been a concern in India, where GDP grows without a corresponding increase in employment.
Reason (R): Jobless growth occurs when advancements in technology and productivity allow more output without employing additional labor. Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but the Reason does not directly explain the Assertion.
_______ farming is a system that is helpful in restoring, maintaining and enhancing the ecological balance.
(Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blank):
China was able to control its rapid population growth rate owing to __________.
(Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blank):
Modernization is an important economic planning objective that focuses on ___________.
(Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blank):
[(i)] Adoption of innovative technology
[(ii)] Equal distribution of income and wealth
[(iii)] Bringing positive changes in the social outlook
During the British rule, India’s foreign trade had various features except ________.
(Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blank):
The present day rapid industrial growth in China can be traced back to the economic reforms introduced in 1978, where _______.
(Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blank):
(i) Initially reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade, and investment sectors.
(ii) The policy of dual pricing was adopted.
(iii) The Government revoked the policy of Special Economic Zones.
Read the following text carefully: Decisions taken by factors of production in the production process often may affect the stakeholders indirectly. Such impacts at times are huge but are not accounted for, while estimating national income. Economists call them as externalities and they can be positive or negative.} {In this regard, many economists suggest carbon pricing as an important tool to ensure ecological balance. Carbon pricing tries to control greenhouse gas emissions by either placing a fee on emitting or offering subsidies on lesser emission. Through instruments like carbon tax, green cess, eco tax, etc. economists suggest moving towards greener technology eliminating such negative externalities.On the basis of the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions:
(i) Define externalities.