Study the following passage carefully to answer the questions that follow each passage:
There is a long list of horror stories connected with the consumption of sugar-hyperactivity in children; criminal behaviour in adults; diabetes, and elevated cholesterol. There is little good scientific evidence that sugar causes these conditions, but under certain circumstances it is though to aggravate them. While the relationship between diet and health is far from an exact science, the relationship between diet and behaviour is even less clear. "There is a reasonable amount of evidence that what we eat does regulate one's brain chemistry", said Bambi Young, associate visiting professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the UCLA, "and it is more pronounced in certain individuals and under certain circumstances. The effect of food on behavior are subtle, but they do exist. There are some people, particularly young children who are super respondents.” Sugar, perhaps because it provides nothing but calories and pleasure, is high on the list of culprits. Sugar is a carbohydrate like pasta and grain. It is a simple carbohydrate; pasta and grain are complex ones. But they are worlds apart. All carbohydrates are made up of one or more simple sugars. Other names under which sugar appears are glucose (blood sugar), fructose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar). Sugar is used for energy. Brain cells need it to function. Some of the glucose we take in, whether in the form of simple or complex carbohydrates is stored to be used as needed. The excess is converted to fat. Sugar, that includes all forms of honey, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, maple syrup and molasses - is the number one additive in foods. It turns up in the least expected places, like mayonnaise and ketchup. Researchers generally agree that an inborn desire for sweetness begins at birth. One school of thought theories that sugar is addictive and provides a high similar to, though much lesser than, drugs. "No one knows whether one becomes addicted to the pleasure or whether sugar has an effect in the brain level," said a professor of psychiatry. "But behaviorally there are children who become very very dependent on sugar”. However, for some people who are anxious and tense, sugar has a positive effect because it promotes a feeling of well-being and of alertness. Though there is a general agreement about this in the scientific community, others disagree. According to them, there can be the opposite effect. "It depends on the persons and on the situations,” said Mr. Conners of Duck University. "There are huge individual differences. Though sugar dos not cause hyperactivity, uncontrollable behaviour in children, it exacerbates it." One typical scenario is the child who eats candy, cookies and cakes ata birthday party. "People are always telling me about their children who came home from a birth-day party hanging from a chandelier,” said Bonnie Kaplan, an associate professor pediatrics and psychology. "Parents blame it on sugar, but birthday parties are very exciting things for children and in addition there are other things besides sugar in the food." Mr. Conners agreed that "stimulus is important,” but he added, "It is hard to pin down until you realise it depends on the content of the rest of the meal.”
