Question

Mention any three vectorless methods that are used to introduce recombinant DNA into competent host cell.

Hint:

Remember: Microinjection → nucleus, Gene gun → plants, Electroporation → temporary pores by electric pulses.

Answer 1

Vectorless methods are techniques in which recombinant DNA is directly introduced into the host cell without using a carrier (vector). Three important methods are: \begin{enumerate} \item Microinjection: - Direct injection of recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal or plant cell using a fine needle. - Commonly used in animal cells, especially in producing transgenic organisms. \item Biolistics (Gene Gun Method): - DNA is coated onto microscopic particles of gold or tungsten. - These particles are shot at high velocity into plant cells. - Successfully used for introducing genes into plants like maize, rice, and wheat. \item Electroporation: - Host cells are exposed to brief electrical pulses that create transient pores in the cell membrane. - Through these pores, recombinant DNA enters the cell. - Widely used for bacteria, yeast, and animal cells. \end{enumerate} Conclusion: Vectorless methods are powerful alternatives to vector-based transfer, especially in plants and animals, for creating genetically modified organisms.