Question

Match the following thinkers (List-I) with their major ideas (List-II):

List-I (Thinker)	List-II (Idea)
(A) Harry Braverman	(I) Work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers
(B) Mahatma Gandhi	(II) Machinery de-skills workers
(C) Karl Marx	(III) Machinery helps to increase production, but will eventually replace workers
(D) Frederick Winslow Taylor	(IV) Workers produce only one small part of a product which makes the work repetitive and exhausting

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
• B. (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
• C. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
• D. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

To match the thinkers with their major ideas, we must understand the principles each thinker is known for: 

1. Harry Braverman is recognized for his analysis of labor division and deskilling of work due to capitalist production tendencies. His idea is that work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers, reflecting a focus on efficiency and control.
2. Mahatma Gandhi advocated for simple living and critiqued industrialization's impact on humanity, emphasizing the craftsman's role. Thus, his view aligns with machinery de-skills workers, as he perceived technology as distancing individuals from meaningful labor.
3. Karl Marx analyzed capitalism's mechanisms, including the role of machinery in production. He theorized that machinery helps to increase production, but will eventually replace workers, foreseeing technological advancements leading to fewer jobs.
4. Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered the Scientific Management approach, emphasizing efficiency and productivity. His concept that workers produce only one small part of a product which makes the work repetitive and exhausting reflects structured job specialization.

By matching these interpretations to the ideas, the correct alignment is:

• (A)-(I) Harry Braverman: Work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers.
• (B)-(II) Mahatma Gandhi: Machinery de-skills workers.
• (C)-(III) Karl Marx: Machinery helps to increase production, but will eventually replace workers.
• (D)-(IV) Frederick Winslow Taylor: Workers produce only one small part of a product which makes the work repetitive and exhausting.

This corresponds to the option (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV) as the correct answer.

Answer 2

(A) Harry Braverman: His work focused on the impact of machinery on workers and argued that machinery de-skills workers, meaning that as work becomes more mechanized, workers lose their skills due to the repetitive nature of their tasks. This corresponds to (I) Machinery de-skills workers.

(B) Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi believed that machinery could increase production but would eventually replace workers, leading to unemployment and the loss of dignity in work. This corresponds to (II) Machinery helps to increase production, but will eventually replace workers.

(C) Karl Marx: Marx argued that in capitalist societies, work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers. This leads to alienation as workers produce only small parts of a product, reducing their connection to the final product. This corresponds to (IV) Workers produce only one small part of a product which makes the work repetitive and exhausting.

(D) Frederick Winslow Taylor: Taylor is known for his theory of scientific management, where the task of workers is broken down into smaller, repetitive tasks in order to maximize efficiency. This corresponds to (III) Work is broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers.

Thus, the correct answer is (4) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV).