Question

Match the following concepts as given in Column P with the Sociologists as given in Column Q:

Column P	Column Q
A) Systematic falsification	I) Thomas Kuhn
B) Systematic verification	II) Emile Durkheim
C) Consensus	III) Karl Popper
D) Social fact	IV) Positivism

• A. A–III, B–IV, C–I, D–II
• B. A–III, B–I, C–IV, D–II
• C. A–III, B–II, C–IV, D–I
• D. A–IV, B–III, C–II, D–I

Hint:

Link keywords to thinkers: \textbf{Falsification–Popper}; \textbf{Verification–Positivism}; \textbf{Consensus/Paradigm–Kuhn}; \textbf{Social fact–Durkheim}.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

A) Systematic falsification $\Rightarrow$ Karl Popper (III): Popper’s demarcation criterion stresses {falsifiability}; science advances by trying to refute hypotheses.
B) Systematic verification $\Rightarrow$ Positivism (IV): Logical/empirical positivism emphasized {verification} through observation and confirmation.
C) Consensus $\Rightarrow$ Thomas Kuhn (I): In Kuhn’s account of {normal science}, work proceeds within a shared {paradigm} sustained by community consensus.
D) Social fact $\Rightarrow$ Emile Durkheim (II): Durkheim’s sociology treats {social facts} as external and coercive realities to be studied objectively.
Therefore, the correct matching is \fbox{A–III, B–IV, C–I, D–II}.