Identify the incorrect pair.
- Alkaloids - Codeine
- Toxin - Abrin
- Lectins - Concanavalin A
- Drugs - Ricin
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The question requires us to identify the incorrect pair from the given options. Let's evaluate each of the pairs to understand which one doesn't match its category:
- Alkaloids - Codeine: Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. Codeine is an opioid alkaloid used widely in medicine for its analgesic properties. Thus, "Alkaloids - Codeine" is a correct pair.
- Toxin - Abrin: Abrin is a highly toxic protein found in the seeds of the plant Abrus precatorius (rosary pea). It acts as a cytotoxin and is categorized under the broad term "toxin." Therefore, "Toxin - Abrin" is a correct pair.
- Lectins - Concanavalin A: Lectins are proteins that bind specifically to certain sugars and can cause cells to clump together. Concanavalin A is a type of lectin derived from the jack bean and is used in biochemistry for its carbohydrate-binding properties. Hence, "Lectins - Concanavalin A" is a correct pair.
- Drugs - Ricin: Ricin is a highly potent toxin derived from castor beans (Ricinus communis), and it is not used as a drug. Instead, it is known for its toxic properties similar to abrin and is listed as a biological warfare agent. Therefore, "Drugs - Ricin" is an incorrect pair.
Based on the analysis above, the answer is that the incorrect pair is "Drugs - Ricin."
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Concepts Used:
Addiction and Dependence
Because of the discern benefits, drugs are frequently used repeatedly. The most important thing, which one fails to realize, is the intrinsic addictive nature of alcohol and drugs. Addiction is a psychological attachment to undeniable effects –such as euphoria and a temporary feeling of well-being – associated with drugs and alcohol.
With regular consumption of drugs, the tolerance level of the receptors present in our body increases. Accordingly, the receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction. In spite of that, it should be clearly borne in mind that the use of these drugs even once, can be a forerunner to addiction.
Dependence is the tendency of the body to glare a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome if the regular dose of drugs/alcohol is precipitously discontinued. This is characterized by anxiety, nausea, shakiness, and sweating, which may be relieved when consumption is resumed again. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be very bad and even life-threatening and the person may need medical supervision. Dependence leads the patient to ignore all social norms in order to get adequate funds to quench his/her needs. These consequences in many social adjustment problems.