Question:

How can infection be transmitted in a hospital?

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Hand hygiene and sterilization are key to stopping hospital infections.

Updated On: Jul 4, 2025

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Solution and Explanation

Hospitals are places where infections can easily spread if proper hygiene is not maintained.
Infections can be transmitted in the following ways:
1. Contact Transmission: Direct contact with infected patients or indirect contact through contaminated surfaces, instruments, or medical devices.
2. Airborne Transmission: Through droplets when infected patients cough, sneeze, or talk — spreading diseases like tuberculosis.
3. Cross-contamination: When healthcare workers do not wash hands or use proper protective gear while moving from one patient to another.
4. Improper Sterilization: Using unsterilized instruments can spread infections during procedures.
5. Poor Waste Management: Improper disposal of biomedical waste increases risk of infection.
Strict infection control practices help prevent hospital-acquired infections.

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Questions Asked in CBSE CLASS XII exam

If $ \mathbf{a} $ and $ \mathbf{b} $ are position vectors of two points $ P $ and $ Q $ respectively, then find the position vector of a point $ R $ in $ QP $ produced such that \[ QR = \frac{3}{2} QP. \]
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Vectors
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Following is the extract of the Balance Sheet of Vikalp Ltd. as per Schedule-III, Part-I of Companies Act as at $31^{\text {st }}$ March, 2024 along with Notes to accounts:

Vikalp Ltd.

Balance Sheet as at $31^{\text {st }}$ March, 2024

Particulars	Note No.	$31-03-2024$ (₹)	$31-03-2023$ (₹)
I. Equity and Liabilities
(1) Shareholders Funds
(a) Share capital	1	59,60,000	50,00,000

‘Notes to accounts’ as at $31^{\text {st }}$ March, 2023:

Note	Particulars	$31-3-2023$ (₹)
No.
1.	Share Capital :
	Authorised capital
	9,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each	90,00,000
	Issued capital :
	5,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each	50,00,000
	Subscribed capital :
	Subscribed and fully paid up
	5,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each	50,00,000
	Subscribed but not fully paid up	Nil
	50,00,000

‘Notes to accounts’ as at $31^{\text {st }}$ March, 2024:

Note	Particulars	$31-3-2024$ (₹)
No.
1.	Share Capital :
	Authorised capital
	9,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each	90,00,000
	Issued capital :
	6,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each	60,00,000
	Subscribed capital :
	Subscribed and fully paid up
	5,80,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each	58,00,000
	Subscribed but not fully paid up
	20,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each,
	fully called up	2,00,000
	Less : calls in arrears
	20,000 equity shares @ ₹ 2 per share	40,000
	59,60,000

The total face value of equity shares issued during the year 2023-2024 was :
The number of shares on which the called up amount was not received were :
On $1^{\text {st }}$ April, 2024 Vikalp Limited forfeited all the shares on which the called up amount was not received. On forfeiture, ‘Share Capital Account’ will be debited by :
On forfeiture, ‘Share Forfeiture Account’ will be credited with :
If all the forfeited shares are reissued at ₹ 8 per share fully paid up, the amount credited to ‘Capital Reserve A/c’ will be :
If the forfeited shares are reissued at the minimum permissible price, the amount credited to ‘Capital Reserve Account’ will be :

CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
Balance sheet statement

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PL Ltd. offered 90,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each. Applications received = 82,000 shares. All money received except final call ₹ 2 per share on 2,000 shares allotted to Atishay. His shares were forfeited.
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Accounting for Share Capital
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Aryan and Adya were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 1. Their Balance Sheet on 31st March, 2024 was as follows :

Balance Sheet (Before Dev's Admission)

Liabilities	Amount (₹)	Assets	Amount (₹)
Capital: Aryan	3,20,000	Machinery	3,90,000
Capital: Adya	2,40,000	Furniture	80,000
Workmen’s Compensation Reserve	20,000	Debtors	90,000
Bank Loan	60,000	Less: Provision for Doubtful Debts	(1,000)
Creditors	48,000	Net Debtors	89,000
		Stock	77,000
		Cash	32,000
		Profit and Loss A/c	20,000
Total	₹6,88,000	Total	₹6,88,000

Note:

Dev was admitted on 1st April 2024 for 1/5^th share in profits.
Adjustments on admission included:
- Revaluation of Machinery
- Provision for Doubtful Debts created
- Goodwill brought in cash
- A liability of ₹3,500 was not likely to arise and to be written back

CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
Admission of a Partner