Explain the salient features of the Human Genome.
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: The Human Genome refers to the complete set of genetic material in human cells, including all the DNA sequences. The human genome consists of about 3 billion base pairs of DNA.
Step 2: Key features of the human genome include:
1. Number of Genes: The human genome contains approximately 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.
2. Chromosomes: The genome is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomal pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
3. Non-Coding DNA: A significant portion of the human genome does not code for proteins but plays important regulatory roles, including non-coding RNAs and introns.
4. Genetic Variation: There is significant genetic diversity within the human population, leading to differences in traits and susceptibility to diseases. 5. Mapping and Sequencing: The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, successfully mapped the entire human genome, providing crucial information for medical research and disease prevention.
Step 3: Understanding the human genome has paved the way for advancements in personalized medicine, gene therapy, and understanding genetic diseases.
Top Questions on Genetics
If a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) is crossed with a dwarf plant (tt), what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
- Assertion (A): When the two genes in a dihybrid cross are situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combinations is much higher than non-parental type.
Reason (R): Higher parental gene combinations can be attributed to crossing over between two genes. Study the cross given below:
Identify the abnormalities ‘1’ and ‘2’ in the offsprings of a cross done between a couple and distinguish between them.- Assertion (A): One of the properties of genetic code is degeneracy.
Reason (R): Some amino acids can be coded by more than one codon. - Assertion (A): A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions.
Reason (R): The most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type.
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