New technologies often begin by (i)............. what has gone before, and they change the world later. Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam. Instead, power could be (ii)........... their processes. In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age. Their full potential remains unrealized.
(i) mimicking, (ii) incorporated into
Step 1: The phrase “mimicking what has gone before” fits the context of new technologies beginning by imitating previous models.
Step 2: The correct phrase for power being transmitted to processes aligns with how power sources were applied differently in the past, hence “transmitted to.”
There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college. Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students. In his analysis, the university culture is largely (i)........... entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp. Understandably, many students view academic life as (ii)........... ritual.
(i) primed for, (ii) a laudable
Step 1: The term "opaque to" implies that university culture is hard to understand or see through for new students.
Step 2: "An arcane ritual" conveys the idea that academic life is seen as mysterious or difficult to comprehend for students.
Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most (i)........... spellers ever to write in English, but despite this (ii)............. orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.
(i) indefatigable, (ii) unpretentiousness about
Step 1: "Defiant" suggests that Captain Clark deliberately ignored or opposed the conventional spelling rules.
Step 2: "Disregard for" correctly reflects his lack of concern for orthographical norms.