DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence, called as
- Polymorphic DNA
- Satellite DNA
- Repetitive DNA
- Single nucleotides
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
DNA fingerprinting is a biochemical test used for the identification of individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics. The technique involves analyzing specific regions within an individual's DNA, which exhibit variability or differences. Let's understand what these regions are by evaluating each option:
- Polymorphic DNA: Polymorphism refers to the presence of multiple forms of a particular DNA sequence in the genome. However, "Polymorphic DNA" is a broad term that doesn't specifically refer to the differentiated regions used in DNA fingerprinting.
- Satellite DNA: This refers to highly repetitive DNA sequences that are typically found in the centromeric regions of chromosomes. While these regions can be part of repetitive DNA, they are not specifically the same sections focused on for fingerprinting.
- Repetitive DNA: This is the correct answer. Repetitive DNA consists of sequences that are repeated multiple times throughout the genome. Within these repetitive sequences are regions called Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) and Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), which are specifically targeted in DNA fingerprinting because they vary significantly among individuals.
- Single nucleotides: This refers to individual nucleotides, which are the fundamental building blocks of DNA. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are another source of genetic variation but are not the main focus in traditional DNA fingerprinting.
In conclusion, DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in specific repetitive DNA regions that include VNTRs and STRs. These regions are highly variable among individuals, making them ideal for distinguishing between different DNA samples. Therefore, the correct answer is Repetitive DNA.
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Concepts Used:
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting, also called DNA typing, DNA profiling, genetic fingerprinting, genotyping, or identity testing, in genetics, method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence of DNA.
The procedure of DNA Fingerprinting:
The procedure for creating a DNA fingerprint consists of first obtaining a sample of cells, such as skin, hair, or blood cells, which contain DNA. The DNA is extracted from the cells and purified. In Jeffreys’s original approach, which was based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology, the DNA was then cut at specific points along the strand with proteins known as restriction enzymes. The enzymes produced fragments of varying lengths that were sorted by placing them on a gel and then subjecting the gel to an electric current (electrophoresis): the shorter the fragment, the more quickly it moved toward the positive pole (anode). The sorted double-stranded DNA fragments were then subjected to a blotting technique in which they were split into single strands and transferred to a nylon sheet. The fragments underwent autoradiography in which they were exposed to DNA probes—pieces of synthetic DNA that were made radioactive and that bound to the minisatellites. A piece of X-ray film was then exposed to the fragments, and a dark mark was produced at any point where a radioactive probe had become attached. The resultant pattern of marks could then be analyzed.